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import theano import numpy import os import pdb from theano import tensor as T from collections import OrderedDict class model(object): def __init__(self, nh, nc, ne, de, cs): ‘‘‘ nh :: dimension of the hidden layer nc :: number of classes ne :: number of word embeddings in the vocabulary de :: dimension of the word embeddings cs :: word window context size ‘‘‘ # parameters of the model self.emb = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (ne+1, de)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) # add one for PADDING at the end self.Wx = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (de * cs, nh)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) self.Wh = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (nh, nh)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) self.W = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (nh, nc)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) self.bh = theano.shared(numpy.zeros(nh, dtype=theano.config.floatX)) self.b = theano.shared(numpy.zeros(nc, dtype=theano.config.floatX)) self.h0 = theano.shared(numpy.zeros(nh, dtype=theano.config.floatX)) # bundle self.params = [ self.emb, self.Wx, self.Wh, self.W, self.bh, self.b, self.h0 ] self.names = [‘embeddings‘, ‘Wx‘, ‘Wh‘, ‘W‘, ‘bh‘, ‘b‘, ‘h0‘] idxs = T.imatrix() # as many columns as context window size/lines as words in the sentence x = self.emb[idxs].reshape((idxs.shape[0], de*cs)) y = T.iscalar(‘y‘) # label def recurrence(x_t, h_tm1): h_t = T.nnet.sigmoid(T.dot(x_t, self.Wx) + T.dot(h_tm1, self.Wh) + self.bh) s_t = T.nnet.softmax(T.dot(h_t, self.W) + self.b) return [h_t, s_t] [h, s], _ = theano.scan(fn=recurrence, sequences=x, outputs_info=[self.h0, None], n_steps=x.shape[0]) p_y_given_x_lastword = s[-1,0,:] p_y_given_x_sentence = s[:,0,:] y_pred = T.argmax(p_y_given_x_sentence, axis=1) # cost and gradients and learning rate lr = T.scalar(‘lr‘) nll = -T.log(p_y_given_x_lastword)[y] gradients = T.grad( nll, self.params ) updates = OrderedDict(( p, p-lr*g ) for p, g in zip( self.params , gradients)) # theano functions self.classify = theano.function(inputs=[idxs], outputs=y_pred) self.train = theano.function( inputs = [idxs, y, lr], outputs = nll, updates = updates ) self.normalize = theano.function( inputs = [], updates = {self.emb: self.emb/T.sqrt((self.emb**2).sum(axis=1)).dimshuffle(0,‘x‘)}) def save(self, folder): for param, name in zip(self.params, self.names): numpy.save(os.path.join(folder, name + ‘.npy‘), param.get_value())
上述是RNN在deep learning tutorial上的代码，我们来逐层解释一下。
self.emb = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (ne+1, de)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) # add one for PADDING at the end self.Wx = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (de * cs, nh)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) self.Wh = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (nh, nh)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) self.W = theano.shared(0.2 * numpy.random.uniform(-1.0, 1.0, (nh, nc)).astype(theano.config.floatX)) self.bh = theano.shared(numpy.zeros(nh, dtype=theano.config.floatX)) self.b = theano.shared(numpy.zeros(nc, dtype=theano.config.floatX)) self.h0 = theano.shared(numpy.zeros(nh, dtype=theano.config.floatX))
这一段很明显是初始化参数，emb是词向量，一共ne+1个词，de是维度，是超参数，需要给定。在elman-forward中有这样对应的输入：
s = {‘fold‘:3, # 5 folds 0,1,2,3,4
‘lr‘:0.0627142536696559,
‘verbose‘:1,
‘decay‘:False, # decay on the learning rate if improvement stops
‘win‘:7, # number of words in the context window
‘bs‘:9, # number of backprop through time steps
‘nhidden‘:100, # number of hidden units
‘seed‘:345,
‘emb_dimension‘:100, # dimension of word embedding
‘nepochs‘:50}
folder = os.path.basename(__file__).split(‘.‘)[0]
if not os.path.exists(folder): os.mkdir(folder)
# load the dataset
train_set, valid_set, test_set, dic = load.atisfold(s[‘fold‘])
idx2label = dict((k,v) for v,k in dic[‘labels2idx‘].iteritems())
idx2word = dict((k,v) for v,k in dic[‘words2idx‘].iteritems())
train_lex, train_ne, train_y = train_set
valid_lex, valid_ne, valid_y = valid_set
test_lex, test_ne, test_y = test_set
vocsize = len(dic[‘words2idx‘])
nclasses = len(dic[‘labels2idx‘])
nsentences = len(train_lex)
# instanciate the model
numpy.random.seed(s[‘seed‘])
random.seed(s[‘seed‘])
rnn = model( nh = s[‘nhidden‘],
nc = nclasses,
ne = vocsize,
de = s[‘emb_dimension‘],
cs = s[‘win‘] )
我们可以看到在
train_set, valid_set, test_set, dic = load.atisfold(s[‘fold‘])
以及 vocsize = len(dic[‘words2idx‘])可知emb的行是总单词的个数。emb也是需要训练得到的。wx是(de*cs)*h的矩阵，是输入到隐藏层之间的参数，每个单词扩充到cs窗口大小，每个单词维度是词向量维度de，所以一个单词长度就是de*cs，bh为这两层之间的bias，wh是h*h的矩阵，隐藏层到隐藏层，h0是bias，w是h*c隐藏层到输出层，b为bias。由
for e in xrange(s[‘nepochs‘]): # shuffle shuffle([train_lex, train_ne, train_y], s[‘seed‘]) s[‘ce‘] = e tic = time.time() for i in xrange(nsentences): cwords = contextwin(train_lex[i], s[‘win‘]）
words = map(lambda x: numpy.asarray(x).astype(‘int32‘),\ minibatch(cwords, s[‘bs‘]))
labels = train_y[i]
for word_batch , label_last_word in zip(words, labels):
rnn.train(word_batch, label_last_word, s[‘clr‘])
rnn.normalize()
cwords = contextwin(train_lex[i], s[‘win‘]）是将每一条训练句子扩充成窗口，比如此时窗口为7，则[0,1,2,3,4]将变为5行7列的矩阵，中心为0,1,2,3,4，不足处用-1填充，[[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,-1], [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,-1,-1], [ 1, 2, 3, 4,-1,-1,-1]],minibatch是将list分组，每组1～bs（或最大长度)行，扩充后
[[[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -1]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -1], [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -1, -1]]]
labels = train_y[i] 则labels就是一条句子的每个单词标签list，比如[0,1,2,3,4]对应的可能是[126,126,45,126,55],(在idxtowords中0,1,2,3,4可以转换为word，在idxtolabels中126,126,45,126,55可以转变为labels，所以word_batch,label_last_word为[[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3]]和126,以此类推。
self.train = theano.function( inputs = [idxs, y, lr], outputs = nll, updates = updates )
idxs传入后也就是这里的word_batch，先初始化为词向量x = self.emb[idxs].reshape((idxs.shape[0], de*cs))，比如第二个batch处理后就是2*700的x，然后
def recurrence(x_t, h_tm1): h_t = T.nnet.sigmoid(T.dot(x_t, self.Wx) + T.dot(h_tm1, self.Wh) + self.bh) s_t = T.nnet.softmax(T.dot(h_t, self.W) + self.b) return [h_t, s_t] [h, s], _ = theano.scan(fn=recurrence, sequences=x, outputs_info=[self.h0, None], n_steps=x.shape[0])
相当于前一个单词的context window组成的700维词向量(直接拼接)与wx相乘加上初始h0乘以wh加上偏置bh得到第二个隐藏层h_t，通过h_t与W相乘加上偏置得到输出s_t,如果x不只两列，就是如此循环下去，n列相当于考虑了n个单词，rnn循环了n次，[h,s]是每一层的隐藏层与输出层，都是三维矩阵。（此处不太明白s具体为什么）
p_y_given_x_lastword = s[-1,0,:] p_y_given_x_sentence = s[:,0,:] y_pred = T.argmax(p_y_given_x_sentence, axis=1)
p_y_given_x_lastword是最后一个单词分为变成nc（这个数据集里是127类）类对应于每一类的概率（向量），而 p_y_given_x_sentence是这个句子里每个单词对应每一类的概率
（矩阵）
lr = T.scalar(‘lr‘) nll = -T.log(p_y_given_x_lastword)[y] gradients = T.grad( nll, self.params ) updates = OrderedDict(( p, p-lr*g ) for p, g in zip( self.params , gradients)) # theano functions self.classify = theano.function(inputs=[idxs], outputs=y_pred)
所以上面这段代码nll是最后一个单词正确分类的概率，取-log函数，求导，此处params有
self.params = [ self.emb, self.Wx, self.Wh, self.W, self.bh, self.b, self.h0 ]
修改每个参数，梯度下降法，相当于一次训练一个单词，当然利用到了前面n-1个单词的信息，从第一个训练到最后一个单词，即
[[[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -1]], [[-1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -1], [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -1, -1]
这里面一次训练一行经过emb处理后的n×700维矩阵，只对最后一个单词求代价cost，而分类classify里面包含了一个句子的所有单词，取每个单词最终127个分类的最大概率作为
单词分类（标签）
predictions_test = [ map(lambda x: idx2label[x], rnn.classify(numpy.asarray(contextwin(x, s[‘win‘])).astype(‘int32‘))) for x in test_lex ] groundtruth_test = [ map(lambda x: idx2label[x], y) for y in test_y ] words_test = [ map(lambda x: idx2word[x], w) for w in test_lex]
train_lex, train_ne, train_y = train_set valid_lex, valid_ne, valid_y = valid_set test_lex, test_ne, test_y = test_set
这里面不知道test_ne是啥，不过train_lex,test_lex都是二维矩阵，每一行是一个句子，我们再看上上面那段代码，predictions_test相当于取出每个test_lex中的句子，先扩充成n×7的矩阵，每一行是一个单词的context window，放入classify分类器里面得到的是每个单词的label ID，再转化成label，groundtruth_test是真正每个单词的label，words_test是每个句子原本的句子。
最后输出是一个文件，包括单词，真实标签，预测标签。
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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/alex21/p/5254235.html
