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MyCAT部署及实现读写分离(转)

时间:2016-04-29 22:15:17      阅读:587      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

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MyCAT是mysql中间件,前身是阿里大名鼎鼎的Cobar,Cobar在开源了一段时间后,不了了之。于是MyCAT扛起了这面大旗,在大数据时代,其重要性愈发彰显。这篇文章主要是MyCAT的入门部署。

一、安装java

因Mycat是用java开发的,所以需要在实验环境下安装java,官方建议jdk1.7及以上版本

Java Oracle官方下载地址为:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/archive-139210.html

 

解压jdk-7u79-linux-x64.tar.gz文件,并配置java的环境变量

# tar xvf jdk-7u79-linux-x64.tar.gz

# mv jdk1.7.0_79/ /usr/local/

 

编辑/etc/profile文件

# vim /etc/profile  添加如下内容

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk1.7.0_79
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
export CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar

 

# source /etc/profile --使/etc/profile文件生效

# java -version

java version "1.7.0_79"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_79-b15)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.79-b02, mixed mode)

 

二、安装MySQL

MySQL官方下载地址如下:

http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/

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里面有各种版本,包括RPM,二进制,源码包。

为了方便起见,我这里选择是RPM包

# yum install -y mysql-community-server-5.6.26-2.el5.x86_64.rpm

 

启动MySQL

# /etc/init.d/mysqld start

Starting mysqld (via systemctl):                           [  OK  ]

 

为root账户创建密码

# mysqladmin -u root password "123456"

建议为123456,后面MyCAT配置文件schema.xml中会用到

 

三、安装MyCAT

创建MyCAT用户并设置密码

# useradd mycat

# passwd mycat

 

解压MyCAT文件

# tar xvf Mycat-server-1.5-alpha-20151221110028-linux.tar.gz

# mv mycat/ /usr/local/

 

设置mycat目录的属主和属组

# chown -R mycat.mycat /usr/local/mycat/

 

四、测试MyCAT

首先在MySQL上创建三个数据库:db1,db2,db3。

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mysql> create database db1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> create database db2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> create database db3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
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启动mycat服务

# cd /usr/local/mycat/bin/

# ./mycat start

Starting Mycat-server...

查看mycat服务是否启动

# ps -ef |grep mycat

root       9640   7257  0 22:47 pts/3    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mycat

并没有启动

 

查看日志

# cd /usr/local/mycat/logs/

# cat wrapper.log

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STATUS | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:23 | --> Wrapper Started as Daemon
STATUS | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:23 | Launching a JVM...
ERROR  | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:25 | JVM exited while loading the application.
INFO   | jvm 1    | 2016/01/07 22:44:25 | Error: Exception thrown by the agent : java.net.MalformedURLException: Local host name unknown: java.net.UnknownHostException: MySQL-Server1: MySQL-Server1: Name or service not known
STATUS | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:29 | Launching a JVM...
ERROR  | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:29 | JVM exited while loading the application.
INFO   | jvm 2    | 2016/01/07 22:44:29 | Error: Exception thrown by the agent : java.net.MalformedURLException: Local host name unknown: java.net.UnknownHostException: MySQL-Server1: MySQL-Server1: Name or service not known
STATUS | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:34 | Launching a JVM...
ERROR  | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:34 | JVM exited while loading the application.
INFO   | jvm 3    | 2016/01/07 22:44:34 | Error: Exception thrown by the agent : java.net.MalformedURLException: Local host name unknown: java.net.UnknownHostException: MySQL-Server1: MySQL-Server1: Name or service not known
STATUS | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:38 | Launching a JVM...
ERROR  | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:38 | JVM exited while loading the application.
INFO   | jvm 4    | 2016/01/07 22:44:38 | Error: Exception thrown by the agent : java.net.MalformedURLException: Local host name unknown: java.net.UnknownHostException: MySQL-Server1: MySQL-Server1: Name or service not known
STATUS | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:42 | Launching a JVM...
ERROR  | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:43 | JVM exited while loading the application.
INFO   | jvm 5    | 2016/01/07 22:44:43 | Error: Exception thrown by the agent : java.net.MalformedURLException: Local host name unknown: java.net.UnknownHostException: MySQL-Server1: MySQL-Server1: Name or service not known
FATAL  | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:43 | There were 5 failed launches in a row, each lasting less than 300 seconds.  Giving up.
FATAL  | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:43 |   There may be a configuration problem: please check the logs.
STATUS | wrapper  | 2016/01/07 22:44:43 | <-- Wrapper Stopped
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根据报错信息,怀疑主机名没有绑定

修改hosts文件,绑定主机名

# vim /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.244.144 MySQL-Server1

重新启动mycat服务

# cd /usr/local/mycat/bin/

# ./mycat start

这次mycat正常启动

# ps -ef |grep mycat

root      10725      1  0 22:54 ?        00:00:00 /usr/local/mycat/bin/./wrapper-linux-x86-64 /usr/local/mycat/conf/wrapper.conf wrapper.syslog.ident=mycat wrapper.pidfile=/usr/local/mycat/logs/mycat.pid wrapper.daemonize=TRUE wrapper.lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/mycat
root      10881   7257  0 22:55 pts/3    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mycat

 

下面以Travelrecord为例,来进行插入,查询,路由分析等基本操作。

首先利用mycat连接mysql数据库

# mysql -utest -ptest -h127.0.0.1 -P8066 -DTESTDB

其中8066是mycat的监听端口,类似于mysql的3306端口,其中-u,-p,-h分别是用户名,密码和主机,-D是连接的逻辑库。

至于为什么是这些,这个跟配置文件有关。

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红色部分表明连接的是mycat。

创建Travelrecord表

create table travelrecord (id bigint not null primary key,user_id varchar(100),traveldate DATE, fee decimal,days int);

插入数据

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mysql> insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(1,‘Victor‘,20160101,100,10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(5000001,‘Job‘,20160102,100,10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(10000001,‘Slow‘,20160103,100,10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
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至于ID为什么取三个值,这个与conf目录下autopartition-long.txt的定义有关,这个文件主要定义auto-sharding-long的规则。

# range start-end ,data node index
# K=1000,M=10000.
0-500M=0
500M-1000M=1
1000M-1500M=2

我主要是测试在id取不同区间的值时,分片的效果。

下面来看看分片的效果

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mysql> select * from db1.travelrecord;
+----+---------+------------+------+------+
| id | user_id | traveldate | fee  | days |
+----+---------+------------+------+------+
|  1 | Victor  | 2016-01-01 |  100 |   10 |
+----+---------+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from db2.travelrecord;
+---------+---------+------------+------+------+
| id      | user_id | traveldate | fee  | days |
+---------+---------+------------+------+------+
| 5000001 | Job     | 2016-01-02 |  100 |   10 |
+---------+---------+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from db3.travelrecord;
+----------+---------+------------+------+------+
| id       | user_id | traveldate | fee  | days |
+----------+---------+------------+------+------+
| 10000001 | Slow    | 2016-01-03 |  100 |   10 |
+----------+---------+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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果然是分配到三个不同的节点上了。

如果想看MyCAT具体会将数据分配到哪个节点上,可通过路由分析。

语法其实蛮简单,就是SQL语句前加上explain语句。

下面根据explain命令查看create语句和insert语句具体会分配到哪些Datanode上。

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mysql> explain create table travelrecord (id bigint not null primary key,user_id varchar(100),traveldate DATE, fee decimal,days int);
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATA_NODE | SQL                                                                                                                   |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| dn1       | create table travelrecord (id bigint not null primary key,user_id varchar(100),traveldate DATE, fee decimal,days int) |
| dn2       | create table travelrecord (id bigint not null primary key,user_id varchar(100),traveldate DATE, fee decimal,days int) |
| dn3       | create table travelrecord (id bigint not null primary key,user_id varchar(100),traveldate DATE, fee decimal,days int) |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>  explain insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(1,‘Victor‘,20160101,100,10);
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATA_NODE | SQL                                                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| dn1       | insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(1,‘Victor‘,20160101,100,10) |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> explain insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(5000001,‘Job‘,20160102,100,10);
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATA_NODE | SQL                                                                                             |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| dn2       | insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(5000001,‘Job‘,20160102,100,10) |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(10000001,‘Slow‘,20160103,100,10);
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| DATA_NODE | SQL                                                                                               |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| dn3       | insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(10000001,‘Slow‘,20160103,100,10) |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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总结:

关于MyCAT的配置其实是蛮简单的,最主要的是熟悉各配置文件的规则。以上用户名,密码,如何分库,都是在配置文件中定义的,后续,有时间再一一详表。

关于配置文件,conf目录下主要以下三个需要熟悉。

server.xml是Mycat服务器参数调整和用户授权的配置文件

schema.xml是逻辑库定义和表以及分片定义的配置文件

rule.xml是分片规则的配置文件

http://www.cnblogs.com/ivictor/p/5111495.html
 

在MySQL中间件出现之前,对于MySQL主从集群,如果要实现其读写分离,一般是在程序端实现,这样就带来一个问题,即数据库和程序的耦合度太高,如果我数据库的地址发生改变了,那么我程序端也要进行相应的修改,如果数据库不小心挂掉了,则同时也意味着程序的不可用,而这对很多应用来说,并不能接受。

引入MySQL中间件能很好的对程序端和数据库进行解耦,这样,程序端只需关注数据库中间件的地址,而无需知晓底层数据库是如何提供服务。

作为当前炙手可热的MySQL中间件,MyCAT实现MySQL主从集群的读写分离自是应有之义,其配置也相当简单。

在这里,我用三个实例组成MySQL主从集群,来验证MyCAT的读写分离功能,其实,一主一从就可以满足,之所以用三个,是为了验证MyCAT的分片功能。

集群组成如下:

角色             主机名                      主机IP

master         mysql-server1          192.168.244.145

slave            mysql-server2          192.168.244.146

slave            mysql-server3          192.168.244.144

在这里,还是使用Travelrecord表进行测试。

首先编辑MyCAT的配置文件schema.xml,关于dataHost的配置信息如下:

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<dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"
                writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="-1"  slaveThreshold="100">
                <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
                <!-- can have multi write hosts -->
                <writeHost host="hostM1" url="localhost:3306" user="root"
                        password="123456">
                </writeHost>
                <writeHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.244.146:3306" user="root"
                        password="123456" />
                <writeHost host="hostS2" url="192.168.244.144:3306" user="root"                      
                        password="123456" />
</dataHost>
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这里面,有两个参数需要注意,balance和 switchType。

其中,balance指的负载均衡类型,目前的取值有4种:

1. balance="0", 不开启读写分离机制,所有读操作都发送到当前可用的writeHost上。

2. balance="1",全部的readHost与stand by writeHost参与select语句的负载均衡,简单的说,当双主双从模式(M1->S1,M2->S2,并且M1与 M2互为主备),正常情况下,M2,S1,S2都参与select语句的负载均衡。

3. balance="2",所有读操作都随机的在writeHost、readhost上分发。

4. balance="3",所有读请求随机的分发到wiriterHost对应的readhost执行,writerHost不负担读压力

switchType指的是切换的模式,目前的取值也有4种:

1. switchType=‘-1‘ 表示不自动切换

2. switchType=‘1‘ 默认值,表示自动切换

3. switchType=‘2‘ 基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换,心跳语句为 show slave status

4. switchType=‘3‘基于MySQL galary cluster的切换机制(适合集群)(1.4.1),心跳语句为 show status like ‘wsrep%‘。

 

因此,该配置文件中的balance="1"意味着作为stand by writeHost的hostS1和hostS2将参与select语句的负载均衡,这就实现了主从的读写分离,switchType=‘-1‘意味着当主挂掉的时候,不进行自动切换,即hostS1和hostS2并不会被提升为主,仍只提供读的功能。这就避免了将数据读进slave的可能性,毕竟,单纯的MySQL主从集群并不允许将数据读进slave中,除非配置的是双master。

 

验证读写分离

下面来验证一下,

创建Travelrecord表

create table travelrecord (id bigint not null primary key,user_id varchar(100),traveldate DATE, fee decimal,days int);

插入数据

mysql> insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(1,@@hostname,20160101,100,10);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(5000001,@@hostname,20160102,100,10);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

在这里,用了一个取巧的方法,即对user_id插入了当前实例的主机名,这样可直观的观察读写是否分离以及MyCAT的分片功能。能这样做的原因在于我当前的MySQL版本-5.6.26默认是基于statement的复制,如果是基于row的复制,则这个方法将不可取。

查询数据

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mysql> select * from travelrecord;
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| id      | user_id       | traveldate | fee  | days |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
|       1 | mysql-server2 | 2016-01-01 |  100 |   10 |
| 5000001 | mysql-server3 | 2016-01-02 |  100 |   10 |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from travelrecord;
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| id      | user_id       | traveldate | fee  | days |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| 5000001 | mysql-server3 | 2016-01-02 |  100 |   10 |
|       1 | mysql-server2 | 2016-01-01 |  100 |   10 |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from travelrecord;
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| id      | user_id       | traveldate | fee  | days |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| 5000001 | mysql-server3 | 2016-01-02 |  100 |   10 |
|       1 | mysql-server3 | 2016-01-01 |  100 |   10 |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from travelrecord;
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| id      | user_id       | traveldate | fee  | days |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| 5000001 | mysql-server3 | 2016-01-02 |  100 |   10 |
|       1 | mysql-server3 | 2016-01-01 |  100 |   10 |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from travelrecord;
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| id      | user_id       | traveldate | fee  | days |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
|       1 | mysql-server2 | 2016-01-01 |  100 |   10 |
| 5000001 | mysql-server2 | 2016-01-02 |  100 |   10 |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
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从上面的输出结果,可以得出以下两点:

一、该配置已实现读写分离,读出来的数据没有master节点的。

二、MyCAT的随机分发不是基于statement的,即一个select语句查询其中一个节点,另外一个select语句查询另外一个节点。它分发针对的是片的,同一个select语句的结果是有不同dataNode返回的。

不仅如此,从MyCAT日志中也可以获取读写分离的相关信息,当然,前提是MyCAT的日志级别是debug。日志相关信息如下:

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验证mater挂了,slave还能提供读的功能

对于MySQL主从集群,我们的需求是master挂了,slave还能提供读的功能。

下面来测试一下

首先,人为的关闭主库

[root@mysql-server1 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld stop

登录MyCAT

[root@mysql-server1 ~]# mysql -utest -ptest -h127.0.0.1 -P8066 -DTESTDB

插入数据

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mysql> insert into travelrecord(id,user_id,traveldate,fee,days)  values(10000001,@@hostname,20160103,100,10);
ERROR 1184 (HY000): Connection refused
mysql> select * from travelrecord;
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
| id      | user_id       | traveldate | fee  | days |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
|       1 | mysql-server2 | 2016-01-01 |  100 |   10 |
| 5000001 | mysql-server3 | 2016-01-02 |  100 |   10 |
+---------+---------------+------------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
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可见无法插入数据,但不影响读取数据。

至此,MyCAT实现MySQL的读写分离部署测试完毕。

 

总结:

1. 其实,刚开始配置的是readHost节点,配置如下:

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 <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"
                writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="-1"  slaveThreshold="100">
                <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
                <!-- can have multi write hosts -->
                <writeHost host="hostM1" url="localhost:3306" user="root"
                        password="123456">
                        <!-- can have multi read hosts -->
                <readHost host="hostS1" url="192.168.244.146:3306" user="root" password="123456" />
                </writeHost>
</dataHost>
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但这种方式有个问题,即master挂了以后,slave也不能提供服务,而这违反了MySQL主从集群的初衷。

2. 如果开启了事务模式,即set autocommit=0,则事务内的读走的是master节点,而不是从节点。

 
http://www.cnblogs.com/ivictor/p/5131480.html
 
 

MyCAT部署及实现读写分离(转)

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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/softidea/p/5447566.html

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