标签:btrfs
什么是btrfs?
Btrfs(B- tree文件系统,通常念成Butter FS,Better FS或B-tree FS),linux文件系统,具有写时复制COW(copy-on-write),改善ext3文件系统单文件大小限制,并加入其他特性,如可写快照,快 照的快照,内建RAID,子卷(subvloume),专注于容错,修复和易于管理。单文件可达16EB,最大文件数量2^64,最大卷容量16EB, 等。
btrfs功能特性
1,COW:写时复制,每次写入数据时,先将数据写入到新的block,写入成功后,更改旧数据块指针到新数据块,而非更改本身。
2,多物理卷支持,btrfs内建raid,可在线增删磁盘设备,可在线扩展和缩减磁盘空间。
3,数据和元数据校验码,checksum
4,子卷,可单独挂载子卷
5,可写快照,快照的快照,单个文件快照。
6,透明压缩
7,ext3/4和btrfs无痛互转
btrfs 基本用法:
[root@localhost ~]# btrfs --help #查看帮助可以看到btrfs 有很多子命令,用法也很多,这里只举例常用选项。 usage: btrfs [--help] [--version] <group> [<group>...] <command> [<args>] btrfs subvolume create [-i <qgroupid>] [<dest>/]<name> #创建子卷 Create a subvolume btrfs subvolume delete [options] <subvolume> [<subvolume>...] #删除子卷 Delete subvolume(s) btrfs subvolume list [options] [-G [+|-]value] [-C [+|-]value] [--sort=gen,ogen,rootid,path] <path> #显示子卷列表 List subvolumes (and snapshots) btrfs subvolume snapshot [-r] [-i <qgroupid>] <source> <dest>|[<dest>/]<name> #创建子卷快照 Create a snapshot of the subvolume btrfs subvolume get-default <path> #获取子卷默认的文件系统 Get the default subvolume of a filesystem btrfs subvolume set-default <subvolid> <path> #设置默认系统给子卷 Set the default subvolume of a filesystem btrfs subvolume find-new <path> <lastgen> #列出btrfs文件系统中最近修改的文件,结合find命令 List the recently modified files in a filesystem btrfs subvolume show <subvol-path> #显示更多的子卷信息 Show more information of the subvolume btrfs subvolume sync <path> [<subvol-id>...] #子卷同步,类似mount同步模式,内存数据同步到磁盘,有待查证。 Wait until given subvolume(s) are completely removed from the filesystem. btrfs filesystem df [options] <path> #显示挂载的文件系统详细信息。 Show space usage information for a mount point btrfs filesystem show [options] [<path>|<uuid>|<device>|label] #显示创建文件系统的磁盘信息。 Show the structure of a filesystem btrfs filesystem sync <path> #强制文件系统同步, Force a sync on a filesystem btrfs filesystem defragment [options] <file>|<dir> [<file>|<dir>...] #碎片整理 Defragment a file or a directory btrfs filesystem resize [devid:][+/-]<newsize>[kKmMgGtTpPeE]|[devid:]max <path> #btrfs文件系统在线扩展和缩减空间 Resize a filesystem btrfs filesystem label [<device>|<mount_point>] [<newlabel>] #改变btrfs文件系统卷标 Get or change the label of a filesystem btrfs filesystem usage [options] <path> [<path>..] #显示文件系统当前的使用信息。 Show detailed information about internal filesystem usage . btrfs balance start [options] <path> #改变磁盘chunk,在线改 数据和元数据 存储方式,单盘改raid,前提满足raid要求。 Balance chunks across the devices btrfs balance pause <path> #暂停chunk更改,数据量较大,转换时间较长时,先暂停。 Pause running balance btrfs balance cancel <path> #取消chunk更改,如上 Cancel running or paused balance btrfs balance resume <path> #中断balance的操作,如上 Resume interrupted balance btrfs balance status [-v] <path> #显示balance操作状态 如上 Show status of running or paused balance btrfs device add [options] <device> [<device>...] <path> #文件系统增加磁盘 Add a device to a filesystem btrfs device delete <device> [<device>...] <path> #文件系统删除磁盘 Remove a device from a filesystem btrfs device scan [(-d|--all-devices)|<device> [<device>...]] #文件系统磁盘扫描 Scan devices for a btrfs filesystem btrfs device ready <device> #猜测是检测加入的设备有没有被挂载 Check device to see if it has all of its devices in cache for mounting btrfs device stats [-z] <path>|<device> #显示文件系统的设备状态 Show current device IO stats. -z to reset stats afterwards. btrfs device usage [options] <path> [<path>..] #显示文件系统内部设备详细使用信息 Show detailed information about internal allocations in devices.
btrfs文件系统管理
为分区创建btrfs文件系统
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l | grep "^Disk /dev/sd[a-z]" #准备sd{b,c,d,e}4块20G磁盘,未做任何分区。 Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Disk /dev/sde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Disk /dev/sdd: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
创建单分区btrfs并查看
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.btrfs -L ‘btrfs‘ /dev/sdb btrfs-progs v3.19.1 See http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for more information. Turning ON incompat feature ‘extref‘: increased hardlink limit per file to 65536 Turning ON incompat feature ‘skinny-metadata‘: reduced-size metadata extent refs fs created label btrfs on /dev/sdb nodesize 16384 leafsize 16384 sectorsize 4096 size 20.00GiB [root@localhost ~]# btrfs filesystem show Label: ‘btrfs‘ uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a Total devices 1 FS bytes used 112.00KiB devid 1 size 20.00GiB used 2.04GiB path /dev/sdb btrfs-progs v3.19.1 [root@localhost ~]# mount -o compress=lzo -L btrfs /btrfs/ 挂载时可以设定透明压缩机制。 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs filesystem df /btrfs Data, single: total=8.00MiB, used=256.00KiB System, DUP: total=8.00MiB, used=16.00KiB System, single: total=4.00MiB, used=0.00B Metadata, DUP: total=1.00GiB, used=112.00KiB Metadata, single: total=8.00MiB, used=0.00B GlobalReserve, single: total=16.00MiB, used=0.00B
再添加一块磁盘
[root@localhost ~]# btrfs device add /dev/sdc /btrfs #添加磁盘,删除用btrfs device delete /dev/sdc /btrfs [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh Label: ‘btrfs‘ uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a Total devices 2 FS bytes used 384.00KiB devid 1 size 20.00GiB used 2.04GiB path /dev/sdb devid 2 size 20.00GiB used 0.00B path /dev/sdc btrfs-progs v3.19.1 [root@localhost ~]#
在线增加或缩减空间,在线改变空间,可以让lvm坐冷板凳了。
[root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi resize -10G /btrfs/ #在线缩减空间 Resize ‘/btrfs/‘ of ‘-10G‘ [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh Label: ‘btrfs‘ uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a Total devices 2 FS bytes used 384.00KiB devid 1 size 10.00GiB used 2.04GiB path /dev/sdb devid 2 size 20.00GiB used 0.00B path /dev/sdc btrfs-progs v3.19.1 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi resize +7G /btrfs/ #在线增加空间 Resize ‘/btrfs/‘ of ‘+7G‘ [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh Label: ‘btrfs‘ uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a Total devices 2 FS bytes used 384.00KiB devid 1 size 17.00GiB used 2.04GiB path /dev/sdb devid 2 size 20.00GiB used 0.00B path /dev/sdc btrfs-progs v3.19.1 [root@localhost ~]#
在线更改数据和元数据的结构
[root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi df /btrfs/ Data, single: total=8.00MiB, used=256.00KiB System, DUP: total=8.00MiB, used=16.00KiB System, single: total=4.00MiB, used=0.00B Metadata, DUP: total=1.00GiB, used=112.00KiB Metadata, single: total=8.00MiB, used=0.00B GlobalReserve, single: total=16.00MiB, used=0.00B [root@localhost ~]# btrfs balance start -mconvert=raid1 /btrfs/ #-mconvert 为改变metadata元数据区的存储结构 Done, had to relocate 4 out of 5 chunks [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi sh Label: ‘btrfs‘ uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a Total devices 2 FS bytes used 192.00KiB devid 1 size 17.00GiB used 296.00MiB path /dev/sdb devid 2 size 20.00GiB used 288.00MiB path /dev/sdc btrfs-progs v3.19.1 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi df /btrfs/ Data, single: total=8.00MiB, used=64.00KiB System, RAID1: total=32.00MiB, used=16.00KiB Metadata, RAID1: total=256.00MiB, used=112.00KiB #对比上改为了raid1 GlobalReserve, single: total=16.00MiB, used=0.00B [root@localhost ~]# btrfs balance start -dconvert=raid1 /btrfs/ #-dconvert 为改变data数据区的存储结构 Done, had to relocate 1 out of 3 chunks [root@localhost ~]# btrfs fi df /btrfs/ Data, RAID1: total=1.00GiB, used=320.00KiB #对比上面改为了raid1 System, RAID1: total=32.00MiB, used=16.00KiB Metadata, RAID1: total=256.00MiB, used=112.00KiB GlobalReserve, single: total=16.00MiB, used=0.00B [root@localhost ~]#
显示当前文件系统使用信息
[root@localhost btrfs]# btrfs fi usage /btrfs/ Overall: Device size: 37.00GiB #总的空间 Device allocated: 2.56GiB #分给元数据管理区的空间 Device unallocated: 34.44GiB #未分出去的 Device missing: 0.00B Used: 896.00KiB #使用了的空间 Free (estimated): 18.22GiB(min: 18.22GiB) #可用空间,这里因是raid1 镜像卷 Data ratio: 2.00 Metadata ratio: 2.00 Global reserve: 16.00MiB(used: 0.00B) Data,RAID1: Size:1.00GiB, Used:320.00KiB /dev/sdb 1.00GiB /dev/sdc 1.00GiB Metadata,RAID1: Size:256.00MiB, Used:112.00KiB /dev/sdb 256.00MiB /dev/sdc 256.00MiB System,RAID1: Size:32.00MiB, Used:16.00KiB /dev/sdb 32.00MiB /dev/sdc 32.00MiB Unallocated: /dev/sdb 15.72GiB #这里2各磁盘 分配的空间不同,可以说明btrfs的内建raid1不是按物理盘划分的,而是按chunk, /dev/sdc 18.72GiB #可以看到具体某块磁盘的使用状况。 [root@localhost btrfs]# btrfs device stats /btrfs/ #查看磁盘错误信息 [/dev/sdb].write_io_errs 0 [/dev/sdb].read_io_errs 0 [/dev/sdb].flush_io_errs 0 [/dev/sdb].corruption_errs 0 [/dev/sdb].generation_errs 0 [/dev/sdc].write_io_errs 0 [/dev/sdc].read_io_errs 0 [/dev/sdc].flush_io_errs 0 [/dev/sdc].corruption_errs 0 [/dev/sdc].generation_errs 0 [root@localhost btrfs]# btrfs device usage /btrfs/ #磁盘的空间使用状态 /dev/sdb, ID: 1 Device size: 20.00GiB Data,RAID1: 1.00GiB Metadata,RAID1: 256.00MiB System,RAID1: 32.00MiB Unallocated: 15.72GiB /dev/sdc, ID: 2 Device size: 20.00GiB Data,RAID1: 1.00GiB Metadata,RAID1: 256.00MiB System,RAID1: 32.00MiB Unallocated: 18.72GiB 压缩测试 [root@localhost btrfs22]# du -sh /btrfs /btrfs22 5.1G/btrfs 5.1G/btrfs22 [root@localhost btrfs22]# btrfs fi show Label: ‘btrfs‘ uuid: 2a9f0d3d-f8a0-4757-9f4e-d1efa04a683a Total devices 2 FS bytes used 178.63MiB #btrfs挂载采用lzo压缩,空间被压缩,因是文本文档压缩效果很明显。 devid 1 size 17.00GiB used 1.28GiB path /dev/sdb devid 2 size 20.00GiB used 1.28GiB path /dev/sdc Label: ‘btrfs22‘ uuid: d4da4497-b82e-4846-b51c-cd7127ff5c74 Total devices 2 FS bytes used 5.01GiB #btrfs22挂载没有启用压缩功能。 devid 1 size 20.00GiB used 4.04GiB path /dev/sdd devid 2 size 20.00GiB used 4.00GiB path /dev/sde btrfs-progs v3.19.1
子卷和快照的管理
btrfs subvolume [root@localhost btrfs22]# btrfs subvolume create /btrfs/btrfs.sub #创建子卷 Create subvolume ‘/btrfs/btrfs.sub‘ [root@localhost btrfs22]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs #显示子卷 ID 259 gen 43 top level 5 path btrfs.sub [root@localhost btrfs22]# umount /btrfs [root@localhost ~]# mount -o subvol=btrfs.sub /dev/sdc /btrfs.sub/ #单独挂载子卷 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume show /btrfs.sub/ /btrfs.sub Name: btrfs.sub uuid: 811deb2f-764f-6440-899c-cddb2b9867e2 Parent uuid: - Creation time: 2016-05-11 08:43:51 Object ID: 259 Generation (Gen): 43 Gen at creation: 43 Parent: 5 Top Level: 5 Flags: - Snapshot(s):
子卷删除
[root@localhost ~]# umount /btrfs.sub/ #卸卸载子卷 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume delete /btrfs/btrfs.sub #执行删除命令 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs #查看 已经被删除 ID 260 gen 45 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22
子卷快照,类似创建子卷
[root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs ID 260 gen 45 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume snapshot /btrfs/btrfs.sub22/ /btrfs/btrfs.sub22_snapshot Create a snapshot of ‘/btrfs/btrfs.sub22/‘ in ‘/btrfs/btrfs.sub22_snapshot‘ [root@localhost ~]# btrfs subvolume list /btrfs ID 260 gen 50 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22 ID 262 gen 50 top level 5 path btrfs.sub22_snapshot
单个文件快照
[root@localhost btrfs]# cp --relink hostname hostname_snap cp: unrecognized option ‘--relink‘ Try ‘cp --help‘ for more information. [root@localhost btrfs]# cp --reflink hostname hostname_snap [root@localhost btrfs]# cp --reflink hostname hostname_snap^C [root@localhost btrfs]# echo "magedu.com" >> hostname [root@localhost btrfs]# cat hostname localhost.localdomain magedu.com [root@localhost btrfs]# cat hostname_snap localhost.localdomain [root@localhost btrfs]#
ext文件系统转换为btrfs
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r /tmp/* /sdf/ [root@localhost ~]# cd /sdf/ [root@localhost sdf]# ls ks-script-OqV4Gb lost+found yum.log [root@localhost ~]# umount /sdf/ #第一步,先卸载需要转换的ext分区 [root@localhost ~]# fsck -f /dev/sdf #第二步,强制检测磁盘 fsck from util-linux 2.23.2 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/sdf: 13/1310720 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 126323/5242880 blocks [root@localhost ~]# btrfs-convert /dev/sdf #第三步,执行转换命令 creating btrfs metadata. copy inodes [o] [ 0/ 13] creating ext2fs image file. cleaning up system chunk. conversion complete. [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdf /sdf/ [root@localhost ~]# cd /sdf/ [root@localhost sdf]# ls ext2_saved ks-script-OqV4Gb lost+found yum.log #转换产生的ext2_saved,不可删除,删除就无法转回ext文件系统 [root@localhost sdf]# cat ks-script-OqV4Gb #转换后查看文件正常。 restorecon -ir /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts /var/lib /etc/lvm /dev /etc/iscsi /var/lib/iscsi /root /var/lock /var/log /etc/modprobe.d /etc/sysconfig /var/cache/yum # Also relabel the OSTree variants of the normal mounts (if they exist) restorecon -ir /var/roothome /var/home /var/opt /var/srv /var/media /var/mnt restorecon -i /etc/rpm/macros /etc/dasd.conf /etc/zfcp.conf /lib64 /usr/lib64 /etc/blkid.tab* /etc/mtab /etc/fstab /etc/resolv.conf /etc/modprobe.conf* /var/log/*tmp /etc/crypttab /etc/mdadm.conf /etc/sysconfig/network /root/install.log* /etc/*shadow* /etc/dhcp/dhclient-*.conf /etc/localtime /etc/hostname /root/install.log* if [ -e /etc/zipl.conf ]; then restorecon -i /etc/zipl.conf fi [root@localhost sdf]# blkid /dev/sdf /dev/sdf: UUID="20bd2176-28d9-49fb-88e9-b746f5ea2736" UUID_SUB="9076e700-22a2-420e-81df-feb79449ab7c" TYPE="btrfs" #查看文件系统,已经变为btrfs btrfs转回ext3 [root@localhost ~]# umount /sdf/ #第一步,卸载 [root@localhost ~]# btrfs-convert -r /dev/sdf #第二步,执行转换命令 rollback complete. [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sdf /dev/sdf: UUID="8d6c4b81-9602-428a-a340-f01b176fa82b" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3" #查看转换结果,已经变为etx3格式。 [root@localhost ~]#
总结:初步了解btrfs,首先,扩展性基于B-tree架构,单个文件,磁盘,文件个数,大大超过现在对扩展性的要求,其次,数据一致性,基于COW和checksum确保数据正常(btrfs的数据检测,修复,恢复相关的命令操作后面补充),再次,设备管理功能强大,内建raid,联机raid调整,联机空间扩展和缩减,联机物理卷增删,快照,子卷,可脱离raid和lvm.
以上个人总结,不足之处欢迎指正,谢谢。
本文出自 “lamron” 博客,请务必保留此出处http://lamron.blog.51cto.com/312633/1772164
标签:btrfs
原文地址:http://lamron.blog.51cto.com/312633/1772164