蓝牙协议本身经历了从1.0到4.0的升级演变, 最新的4.0以其低功耗著称,所以一般也叫BLE(Bluetoothlow energy)。
iOS 有两个框架支持蓝牙与外设连接。一个是 ExternalAccessory。从ios3.0就开始支持,也是在iphone4s出来之前用的比较多的一种模式,但是它有个不好的地方,External Accessory需要拿到苹果公司的MFI认证。
另一个框架则是本文要介绍的CoreBluetooth,在iphone4s开始支持,专门用于与BLE设备通讯(因为它的API都是基于BLE的)。这个不需要MFI,并且现在很多蓝牙设备都支持4.0,所以也是在IOS比较推荐的一种开发方法。
三 CoreBluetooth介绍
CoreBluetooth框架的核心其实是两个东西,peripheral和central, 可以理解成外设和中心。对应他们分别有一组相关的API和类,如下图所示:
如果你要编程的设备是central那么你大部分用到,反之亦然。在我们这个示例中,金融刷卡器是peripheral,我们的iphone手机是central,所以我将大部分使用上图中左边部分的类。使用peripheral编程的例子也有很多,比如像用一个ipad和一个iphone通讯,ipad可以认为是central,iphone端是peripheral,这种情况下在iphone端就要使用上图右边部分的类来开发了。
四 服务和特征
有个概念有必要先说明一下。什么是服务和特征呢(service and characteristic)?
每个蓝牙4.0的设备都是通过服务和特征来展示自己的,一个设备必然包含一个或多个服务,每个服务下面又包含若干个特征。特征是与外界交互的最小单位。比如说,一台蓝牙4.0设备,用特征A来描述自己的出厂信息,用特征B来与收发数据等。
服务和特征都是用UUID来唯一标识的,UUID的概念如果不清楚请自行google,国际蓝牙组织为一些很典型的设备(比如测量心跳和血压的设备)规定了标准的service UUID(特征的UUID比较多,这里就不列举了),如下:
-
- #define BLE_UUID_ALERT_NOTIFICATION_SERVICE 0x1811
- #define BLE_UUID_BATTERY_SERVICE 0x180F
- #define BLE_UUID_BLOOD_PRESSURE_SERVICE 0x1810
- #define BLE_UUID_CURRENT_TIME_SERVICE 0x1805
- #define BLE_UUID_CYCLING_SPEED_AND_CADENCE 0x1816
- #define BLE_UUID_DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE 0x180A
- #define BLE_UUID_GLUCOSE_SERVICE 0x1808
- #define BLE_UUID_HEALTH_THERMOMETER_SERVICE 0x1809
- #define BLE_UUID_HEART_RATE_SERVICE 0x180D
- #define BLE_UUID_HUMAN_INTERFACE_DEVICE_SERVICE 0x1812
- #define BLE_UUID_IMMEDIATE_ALERT_SERVICE 0x1802
- #define BLE_UUID_LINK_LOSS_SERVICE 0x1803
- #define BLE_UUID_NEXT_DST_CHANGE_SERVICE 0x1807
- #define BLE_UUID_PHONE_ALERT_STATUS_SERVICE 0x180E
- #define BLE_UUID_REFERENCE_TIME_UPDATE_SERVICE 0x1806
- #define BLE_UUID_RUNNING_SPEED_AND_CADENCE 0x1814
- #define BLE_UUID_SCAN_PARAMETERS_SERVICE 0x1813
- #define BLE_UUID_TX_POWER_SERVICE 0x1804
- #define BLE_UUID_CGM_SERVICE 0x181A
当然还有很多设备并不在这个标准列表里,比如我用的这个金融刷卡器。蓝牙设备硬件厂商通常都会提供他们的设备里面各个服务(service)和特征(characteristics)的功能,比如哪些是用来交互(读写),哪些可获取模块信息(只读)等。
五 实现细节
作为一个中心要实现完整的通讯,一般要经过这样几个步骤:
建立中心角色—扫描外设(discover)—连接外设(connect)—扫描外设中的服务和特征(discover)—与外设做数据交互(explore and interact)—断开连接(disconnect)。
1建立中心角色
首先在我自己类的头文件中要包含CoreBluetooth的头文件,并继承两个协议<CBCentralManagerDelegate,CBPeripheralDelegate>,代码如下:
- #import <CoreBluetooth/CoreBluetooth.h>
- CBCentralManager *manager;
- manager = [[CBCentralManager alloc] initWithDelegate:self queue:nil];
2扫描外设(discover)
代码如下:
- [manager scanForPeripheralsWithServices:nil options:options];
这个参数应该也是可以指定特定的peripheral的UUID,那么理论上这个central只会discover这个特定的设备,但是我实际测试发现,如果用特定的UUID传参根本找不到任何设备,我用的代码如下:
- NSArray *uuidArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:[CBUUID UUIDWithString:@"1800"],[CBUUID UUIDWithString:@"180A"],
- [CBUUID UUIDWithString:@"1CB2D155-33A0-EC21-6011-CD4B50710777"],[CBUUID UUIDWithString:@"6765D311-DD4C-9C14-74E1-A431BBFD0652"],nil];
-
- [manager scanForPeripheralsWithServices:uuidArray options:options];
目前不清楚原因,怀疑和设备本身在的广播包有关。
3连接外设(connect)
当扫描到4.0的设备后,系统会通过回调函数告诉我们设备的信息,然后我们就可以连接相应的设备,代码如下:
- - (void)centralManager:(CBCentralManager *)central didDiscoverPeripheral:(CBPeripheral *)peripheral advertisementData:(NSDictionary *)advertisementData RSSI:(NSNumber *)RSSI
- {
-
- if(![_dicoveredPeripherals containsObject:peripheral])
- [_dicoveredPeripherals addObject:peripheral];
-
- NSLog(@"dicoveredPeripherals:%@", _dicoveredPeripherals);
- }
- -(BOOL)connect:(CBPeripheral *)peripheral
- {
- NSLog(@"connect start");
- _testPeripheral = nil;
-
- [manager connectPeripheral:peripheral
- options:[NSDictionary dictionaryWithObject:[NSNumber numberWithBool:YES] forKey:CBConnectPeripheralOptionNotifyOnDisconnectionKey]];
-
-
- connectTimer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:5.0f target:self selector:@selector(connectTimeout:) userInfo:peripheral repeats:NO];
-
- return (YES);
- }
4扫描外设中的服务和特征(discover)
同样的,当连接成功后,系统会通过回调函数告诉我们,然后我们就在这个回调里去扫描设备下所有的服务和特征,代码如下:
- - (void)centralManager:(CBCentralManager *)central didConnectPeripheral:(CBPeripheral *)peripheral
- {
- [connectTimer invalidate];
-
- NSLog(@"Did connect to peripheral: %@", peripheral);
- _testPeripheral = peripheral;
-
- [peripheral setDelegate:self];
- [peripheral discoverServices:nil];
-
-
- }
一个设备里的服务和特征往往比较多,大部分情况下我们只是关心其中几个,所以一般会在发现服务和特征的回调里去匹配我们关心那些,比如下面的代码:
- - (void)peripheral:(CBPeripheral *)peripheral didDiscoverServices:(NSError *)error
- {
-
-
- NSLog(@"didDiscoverServices");
-
- if (error)
- {
- NSLog(@"Discovered services for %@ with error: %@", peripheral.name, [error localizedDescription]);
-
- if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(DidNotifyFailConnectService:withPeripheral:error:)])
- [self.delegate DidNotifyFailConnectService:nil withPeripheral:nil error:nil];
-
- return;
- }
-
-
- for (CBService *service in peripheral.services)
- {
-
- if ([service.UUID isEqual:[CBUUID UUIDWithString:UUIDSTR_ISSC_PROPRIETARY_SERVICE]])
- {
- NSLog(@"Service found with UUID: %@", service.UUID);
- [peripheral discoverCharacteristics:nil forService:service];
- isVPOS3356 = YES;
- break;
- }
-
-
- }
- }
- - (void)peripheral:(CBPeripheral *)peripheral didDiscoverCharacteristicsForService:(CBService *)service error:(NSError *)error
- {
-
- if (error)
- {
- NSLog(@"Discovered characteristics for %@ with error: %@", service.UUID, [error localizedDescription]);
-
- if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(DidNotifyFailConnectChar:withPeripheral:error:)])
- [self.delegate DidNotifyFailConnectChar:nil withPeripheral:nil error:nil];
-
- return;
- }
-
-
- for (CBCharacteristic *characteristic in service.characteristics)
- {
- if ([characteristic.UUID isEqual:[CBUUID UUIDWithString:UUIDSTR_ISSC_TRANS_TX]])
- {
- NSLog(@"Discovered read characteristics:%@ for service: %@", characteristic.UUID, service.UUID);
-
- _readCharacteristic = characteristic;
-
- if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(DidFoundReadChar:)])
- [self.delegate DidFoundReadChar:characteristic];
-
- break;
- }
- }
-
-
- for (CBCharacteristic * characteristic in service.characteristics)
- {
-
-
- if ([characteristic.UUID isEqual:[CBUUID UUIDWithString:UUIDSTR_ISSC_TRANS_RX]])
- {
-
- NSLog(@"Discovered write characteristics:%@ for service: %@", characteristic.UUID, service.UUID);
- _writeCharacteristic = characteristic;
-
- if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(DidFoundWriteChar:)])
- [self.delegate DidFoundWriteChar:characteristic];
-
- break;
-
-
- }
- }
-
- if ([self.delegate respondsToSelector:@selector(DidFoundCharacteristic:withPeripheral:error:)])
- [self.delegate DidFoundCharacteristic:nil withPeripheral:nil error:nil];
-
- }
相信你应该已经注意到了,回调函数都是以"did"开头的,这些函数不用你调用,达到条件后系统后自动调用。
5与外设做数据交互(explore and interact)
发送数据很简单,我们可以封装一个如下的函数:
- -(void)writeChar:(NSData *)data
- {
- [_testPeripheral writeValue:data forCharacteristic:_writeCharacteristic type:CBCharacteristicWriteWithResponse];
- }
_testPeripheral和_writeCharacteristic是前面我们保存的设备对象和可以读写的特征。
然后我们可以在外部调用它,比如当然我要触发刷卡时,先组好数据包,然后调用发送函数:
- -(void)msrRead
- {
-
- unsigned char command[512] = {0};
- unsigned charchar *pTmp;
- int nSendLen = 0;
- unsigned char ucCrc[3] = {0};
-
- _commandType = COMMAND_MSR_READ;
-
- pTmp = command;
-
-
- *pTmp = 0x02;
- pTmp++;
-
- *pTmp = 0xc1;
- pTmp++;
-
- *pTmp = 0x07;
- pTmp++;
-
-
-
- nSendLen = 2;
-
- *pTmp = nSendLen/256;
- pTmp++;
- *pTmp = nSendLen%256;
- pTmp++;
-
- *pTmp = 0x00;
- pTmp++;
-
- *pTmp = 0x00;
- pTmp++;
-
-
- Crc16CCITT(command+1,pTmp-command-1,ucCrc);
- memcpy(pTmp,ucCrc,2);
-
-
- NSData *data = [[NSData alloc] initWithBytes:&command length:9];
- NSLog(@"send data:%@", data);
- [g_BLEInstance.recvData setLength:0];
-
- [g_BLEInstance writeChar:data];
- }
数据的读分为两种,一种是直接读(reading directly),另外一种是订阅(subscribe)。从名字也能基本理解两者的不同。实际使用中具体用一种要看具体的应用场景以及特征本身的属性。前一个好理解,特征本身的属性是指什么呢?特征有个properties字段(characteristic.properties),它是一个整型值,有如下几个定义:
- enum {
- CBCharacteristicPropertyBroadcast = 0x01,
- CBCharacteristicPropertyRead = 0x02,
- CBCharacteristicPropertyWriteWithoutResponse = 0x04,
- CBCharacteristicPropertyWrite = 0x08,
- CBCharacteristicPropertyNotify = 0x10,
- CBCharacteristicPropertyIndicate = 0x20,
- CBCharacteristicPropertyAuthenticatedSignedWrites = 0x40,
- CBCharacteristicPropertyExtendedProperties = 0x80,
- };
比如说,你要交互的特征,它的properties的值是0x10,表示你只能用订阅的方式来接收数据。我这里是用订阅的方式,启动订阅的代码如下:
- -(void)startSubscribe
- {
- [_testPeripheral setNotifyValue:YES forCharacteristic:_readCharacteristic];
- }
当设备有数据返回时,同样是通过一个系统回调通知我,如下所示:
- - (void)peripheral:(CBPeripheral *)peripheral didUpdateValueForCharacteristic:(CBCharacteristic *)characteristic error:(NSError *)error
- {
-
- if (error)
- {
- NSLog(@"Error updating value for characteristic %@ error: %@", characteristic.UUID, [error localizedDescription]);
-
- if ([_mainMenuDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(DidNotifyReadError:)])
- [_mainMenuDelegate DidNotifyReadError:error];
-
- return;
- }
-
- [_recvData appendData:characteristic.value];
-
-
- if ([_recvData length] >= 5)
- {
- unsigned charchar *buffer = (unsigned charchar *)[_recvData bytes];
- int nLen = buffer[3]*256 + buffer[4];
- if ([_recvData length] == (nLen+3+2+2))
- {
-
- if ([_mainMenuDelegate respondsToSelector:@selector(DidNotifyReadData)])
- [_mainMenuDelegate DidNotifyReadData];
-
- }
- }
-
- }
6 断开连接(disconnect)
这个比较简单,只需要一个API就行了,代码如下:
- -(void)disConnect
- {
-
- if (_testPeripheral != nil)
- {
- NSLog(@"disConnect start");
- [manager cancelPeripheralConnection:_testPeripheral];
- }
-
- }
六 成果展示
上几张效果图,UI没怎么修饰,主要关注功能,实现了读取磁道信息,与金融ic卡进行APDU交互等功能。