#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;

int _pow(int a,int n){
    int ans = 1;
    while(n){
        if(n&1) ans = ans*a;
        a=a*a;
        n>>=1;
    }
    return ans;
}

int main()
{
    int tcase;
    scanf("%d",&tcase);
    while(tcase--){
        int n,m;
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
        int k = n;
        int cnt = 0,ans=0;
        while(n){
            if(n%2==1) ans++;
            cnt++;
            n/=2;
        }
        if(cnt<=m+1) printf("%d\n",ans);
        else{
            int t = _pow(2,m);
            ans = 0;
            while(k&&t){
                ans+=k/t;
                k = k%t;
                t/=2;
            }
            printf("%d\n",ans);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}