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linux中init相关内容定义在include/linux/init.h
先看下文件说明，此文件定义的宏主要用于初始化阶段标记函数或初始化数据，之后占用的资源会被释放掉。
/* These macros are used to mark some functions or
* initialized data (doesn‘t apply to uninitialized data)
* as `initialization‘ functions. The kernel can take this
* as hint that the function is used only during the initialization
* phase and free up used memory resources after
*
* Usage:
* For functions:
*
* You should add __init immediately before the function name, like:
*
* static void __init initme(int x, int y)
* {
* extern int z; z = x * y;
* }
*
* If the function has a prototype somewhere, you can also add
* __init between closing brace of the prototype and semicolon:
*
* extern int initialize_foobar_device(int, int, int) __init;
*
* For initialized data:
* You should insert __initdata between the variable name and equal
* sign followed by value, e.g.:
*
* static int init_variable __initdata = 0;
* static char linux_logo[] __initdata = { 0x32, 0x36, ... };
*
* Don‘t forget to initialize data not at file scope, i.e. within a function,
* as gcc otherwise puts the data into the bss section and not into the init
* section.
*
* Also note, that this data cannot be "const".
*/
在内核中经常会看到arch_initcall()、subsys_initcall()、device_initcall()等，定义均在include/linux/init.h中：
#define pure_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("0",fn,0)
#define core_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("1",fn,1)
#define core_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("1s",fn,1s)
#define postcore_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("2",fn,2)
#define postcore_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("2s",fn,2s)
#define arch_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("3",fn,3)
#define arch_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("3s",fn,3s)
#define subsys_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("4",fn,4)
#define subsys_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("4s",fn,4s)
#define fs_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("5",fn,5)
#define fs_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("5s",fn,5s)
#define rootfs_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("rootfs",fn,rootfs)
#define device_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("6",fn,6)
#define device_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("6s",fn,6s)
#define late_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("7",fn,7)
#define late_initcall_sync(fn) __define_initcall("7s",fn,7s)
#define __initcall(fn) device_initcall(fn)
__define_initcall()宏定义：
/* initcalls are now grouped by functionality into separate
* subsections. Ordering inside the subsections is determined
* by link order.
* For backwards compatibility, initcall() puts the call in
* the device init subsection.
*
* The `id‘ arg to __define_initcall() is needed so that multiple initcalls
*/
#define __define_initcall(level,fn,id) \
static initcall_t __initcall_##fn##id __used \
__attribute__((__section__(".initcall" level ".init"))) = fn
typedef int (*initcall_t)(void);
typedef void (*exitcall_t)(void);
*_initcall(fn)最终都是通过__define_initcall(level,fn,id)宏定义生成，而最终所有的initcall_t型函数都存放在.initcall”level”.init section中。.initcall”level”.init定义在vmlinux.lds内。
/* arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds */
__initcall_start = .;
*(.initcallearly.init) __early_initcall_end = .; *(.initcall0.init) *(.initcall0s.init) *(.initcall1.init) *(.initcall1s.init) *(.initcall2.init) *(.initcall2s.init) *(.initcall3.init) *(.initcall3s.init) *(.initcall4.init) *(.initcall4s.init) *(.initcall5.init) *(.initcall5s.init) *(.initcallrootfs.init) *(.initcall6.init) *(.initcall6s.init) *(.initcall7.init) *(.initcall7s.init)
__initcall_end = .;
正好包括了上面init.h里定义的从pure_initcall到late_initcall等8个level等级的.initcall”level”.init section. 因此通过不同的*_initcall声明的函数指针最终都会存放不同level等级的.initcall”level”.init section内。这些不同level的section按level等级高低依次存放。
附：模块相关定义
内核内置模块定义
/**
* module_init() - driver initialization entry point
* @x: function to be run at kernel boot time or module insertion
*
* module_init() will either be called during do_initcalls() (if
* builtin) or at module insertion time (if a module). There can only
* be one per module.
*/
#define module_init(x) __initcall(x);
/**
* module_exit() - driver exit entry point
* @x: function to be run when driver is removed
*
* module_exit() will wrap the driver clean-up code
* with cleanup_module() when used with rmmod when
* the driver is a module. If the driver is statically
* compiled into the kernel, module_exit() has no effect.
* There can only be one per module.
*/
#define module_exit(x) __exitcall(x);
单独模块定义#define MODULE
/* Each module must use one module_init(). */
#define module_init(initfn) \
static inline initcall_t __inittest(void) \
{ return initfn; } \
int init_module(void) __attribute__((alias(#initfn)));
/* This is only required if you want to be unloadable. */
#define module_exit(exitfn) \
static inline exitcall_t __exittest(void) \
{ return exitfn; } \
void cleanup_module(void) __attribute__((alias(#exitfn)));
#define __setup_param(str, unique_id, fn) /* nothing */
#define __setup(str, func) /* nothing */
2．initcall相关调用
内核是通过do_initcalls函数循环调用执行initcall.init section内的函数的，流程如下（init/main.c）：
start_kernel -> rest_init -> kernel_thread -> kernel_init -> do_basic_setup -> do_initcalls
kernel_thread创建一个内核线程执行kernel_init函数（linux的1号进程-init进程）
extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[], __early_initcall_end[];
static void __init do_initcalls(void)
{
initcall_t *call;
for (call = __early_initcall_end; call < __initcall_end; call++)
do_one_initcall(*call);
/* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
flush_scheduled_work();
}
do_initcalls()遍历.initcall*.init段，依次执行各个级别的函数。
最后要注意的是rest_init是在start_kernel函数内最后部分才被调用执行的，rest_init前包含了kernel一系列的初始化工作。另外，这些不同level等级的initcall.init section本身有一定的执行顺序，因此如果你的驱动依赖于特定的执行顺序的话需要考虑到这一点。
参考：http://linux.chinaunix.net/techdoc/develop/2008/07/19/1018489.shtml
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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/embedded-linux/p/5885127.html
