爬虫初探(2)之requests

import requests

url = ‘http://www.baidu.com‘
#这里用get方法用来请求网页，其他还有post等方法来请求网页
data = requests.get(url)

print(data)
#<Response [200]>

print(data.text)#这里的 .text 就等同于上一篇中的 read()
#此时同样打印出网页源码

#HTTP请求类型
#get类型
r = requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json‘)
#post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
#put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
#delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
#head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
#options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")

#获取响应内容
print r.content #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print r.text #以文本的方式去显示

#URL传递参数
payload = {‘keyword‘: ‘日本‘, ‘salecityid‘: ‘2‘}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) 
print r.url #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=日本

#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json‘)
print r.encoding
r.encoding = ‘utf-8‘

#json处理
r = requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json‘)
print r.json() #需要先import json    

#定制请求头
url = ‘http://m.ctrip.com‘
headers = {‘User-Agent‘ : ‘Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19‘}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print r.request.headers

#复杂post请求
url = ‘http://m.ctrip.com‘
payload = {‘some‘: ‘data‘}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下

#post多部分编码文件
url = ‘http://m.ctrip.com‘
files = {‘file‘: open(‘report.xls‘, ‘rb‘)}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)

#响应状态码
r = requests.get(‘http://m.ctrip.com‘)
print r.status_code
    
#响应头
r = requests.get(‘http://m.ctrip.com‘)
print r.headers
print r.headers[‘Content-Type‘]
print r.headers.get(‘content-type‘) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
    
#Cookies
url = ‘http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url‘
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies[‘example_cookie_name‘]    #读取cookies
    
url = ‘http://m.ctrip.com/cookies‘
cookies = dict(cookies_are=‘working‘)
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies

#设置超时时间
r = requests.get(‘http://m.ctrip.com‘, timeout=0.001)

#设置访问代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.10.10:8888",
           "https": "http://10.10.10.100:4444",
          }
r = requests.get(‘http://m.ctrip.com‘, proxies=proxies)