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django ORM 操作

时间:2016-12-13 06:59:06      阅读:299      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

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 data models sample:

from django.db import models

class Blog(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    tagline = models.TextField()

    def __str__(self):              # __unicode__ on Python 2
        return self.name

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    email = models.EmailField()

    def __str__(self):              # __unicode__ on Python 2
        return self.name

class Entry(models.Model):
    blog = models.ForeignKey(Blog)
    headline = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    body_text = models.TextField()
    pub_date = models.DateField()
    mod_date = models.DateField()
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)
    n_comments = models.IntegerField()
    n_pingbacks = models.IntegerField()
    rating = models.IntegerField()

    def __str__(self):              # __unicode__ on Python 2
        return self.headline

 

1.创建记录(object)

To represent database-table data in Python objects, Django uses an intuitive(直观的) system: A model class represents a database table, and an instance of that class represents a particular record in the database table.

 

>>> from blog.models import Blog
>>> b = Blog(name=‘Beatles Blog‘, tagline=‘All the latest Beatles news.‘)
>>> b.save()

  

This performs an INSERT SQL statement behind the scenes. Django doesn’t hit the database until you explicitly call save().

The save() method has no return value.

 

2.1 保存记录更改到数据库

>>> b5 = Blog.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> b5.name = ‘New name‘
>>> b5.save()

 

2.2 保存对外键字段和多对多字段的修改

 

  •  update foreignkey fields
>>> from blog.models import Entry
>>> entry = Entry.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> cheese_blog = Blog.objects.get(name="Cheddar Talk")
>>> entry.blog = cheese_blog
>>> entry.save()
  • update manytomany fields

add one record to  ManyToManyField 

>>> from blog.models import Author
>>> joe = Author.objects.create(name="Joe")
>>> entry.authors.add(joe)

 

add multiple  records to  ManyToManyField

>>> john = Author.objects.create(name="John")
>>> paul = Author.objects.create(name="Paul")
>>> george = Author.objects.create(name="George")
>>> ringo = Author.objects.create(name="Ringo")
>>> entry.authors.add(john, paul, george, ringo)

  

 3、查询表记录

3.1 查询表所有记录(objects):

>>> all_entries = Entry.objects.all()     # all() 一个结果集(列表)包含所有数据库表的记录

3.2. 通filter查询特表的特定记录(objects)

 

filter(**kwargs)Returns a new QuerySet containing objects that match the given lookup parameters.

exclude(**kwargs)Returns a new QuerySet containing objects that do not match the given lookup parameters.

注意:filter返回的是一个结果集(列表)

 1 Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2006)       查询所有发布日期是2006的entry
 2 Entry.objects.all().filter(pub_date__year=2006)   # 等同上面语句
 3 
 4 支持链式查询
 5 
 6 >>> Entry.objects.filter(
 7 ...     headline__startswith=What
 8 ... ).exclude(
 9 ...     pub_date__gte=datetime.date.today()
10 ... ).filter(
11 ...     pub_date__gte=datetime(2005, 1, 30)
12 ... )
13 
14 
15 filter 查询是独立的,q2,q3,不影响q1的结果
16 
17 >>> q1 = Entry.objects.filter(headline__startswith="What")
18 >>> q2 = q1.exclude(pub_date__gte=datetime.date.today())
19 >>> q3 = q1.filter(pub_date__gte=datetime.date.today())

 

querysets 是懒惰的

>>> q = Entry.objects.filter(headline__startswith="What")
>>> q = q.filter(pub_date__lte=datetime.date.today())
>>> q = q.exclude(body_text__icontains="food")
>>> print(q)

前面三条语句并没有真正从数据库获取数据,直到第四条语句,我们去打印起结果时,才真正从数据库获取数据

 

3.3、通过get()方法查询单个记录(objects)

当我们明确知道只有一条记录满足我们的查询时,我们可以使用get(),
>>> one_entry = Entry.objects.get(pk=1)

注意:在使用get时,如果只有有多条记录满足,django 将抛出MultipleObjectsReturned异常,而使用filter方法时,则返回多个记录的列表;而没有记录满足时,get()将抛出DoesNotExist;filter没有异常抛出,只返回空列表

 

大部分情况下,我们只需要使用 all()get()filter() and exclude() 这几个方法进行查询,所有其它方法可以在这里查看,https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/models/querysets/#queryset-api

 

  

3.4 限定的查询集

Entry.objects.all()[:5]     # 返回entry的前5条记录,相当于select * from entry limit 5;

Entry.objects.all()[5:10]    # 返回第六到第十条记录,相当于 select * from entry limit 5 offset 5;

Entry.objects.all()[-1]    # 不支持负索引

Entry.objects.all()[:10:2]     #指定切片的步长

Entry.objects.order_by(headline)[0]   #entry 按headline 字段排序后,取第一条记录。相当于 select * from entry  order by limit 1;

 

3.5 field lookups

Field lookups are how you specify the meat of an SQL WHERE clause. They’re specified as keyword arguments to theQuerySet methods filter()exclude() and get().

 

 

 

语法格式: field__lookuptype=value   (双下划线)

>>> Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=2006-01-01) 相当于: SELECT * FROM blog_entry WHERE pub_date <= 2006-01-01; field 必须是models class 的 field的名称 除了双下划线这种格式,还有一种形式,外键字段名称接_id, Entry.objects.filter(blog_id=4) #查询所有属于 id = 4 的 blog 的entry对象


exact:

Entry.objects.get(headline__exact="Cat bites dog") #精确匹配查询;相当于:
SELECT ... WHERE headline = ‘Cat bites dog‘;


Blog.objects.get(id=14) 相当于 Blog.objects.get(id__excat=14)


iexact:

大小写不敏感的字符匹配

>>> Blog.objects.get(name__iexact="beatles blog")

  Would match a Blog titled "Beatles Blog""beatles blog", or even "BeAtlES blOG".

 

 

contains 与同样有icontains:

模糊匹配

Entry.objects.get(headline__contains=‘Lennon‘) 相当于sql: SELECT ... WHERE headline LIKE ‘%Lennon%‘;

 

startswithendswith,istartswith, iendswith

 

 


所有field lookups,请参考https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/models/querysets/#field-lookups 

 

 

3.6 多表关联查询

Entry.objects.filter(blog__name=Beatles Blog)  #This example retrieves all Entry objects with a Blog whose name is ‘Beatles Blog‘:

相当于sql:


也支持反向操作: Blog.objects.filter(entry__headline__contains=Lennon) #This example retrieves all Blog objects which have at least one Entry whose headline contains ‘Lennon‘:

相当于sql:


 

 

django ORM 操作

标签:字符   http   fse   entry   new   until   exp   type   保存   

原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/pengxuann/p/6158566.html

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