标签：**kwargs 管理 问题 man class elf ams cer except
(1) 拆部分reques中感兴趣t的轮子
(2)对一些感兴趣的pythonic写法做一些归纳
反正我之前就是直接实例对象时把所有参数传入构造函数的,一般人都这样..但事实证明这种方式并不好(可能),所以后来作者又把这种方式改掉了...但原谅我也不知道这两者有什么好坏之分..
class Request(object):
"""The :class:`Request` object. It carries out all functionality of
Requests. Recommended interface is with the Requests functions.
"""
_METHODS = (‘GET‘, ‘HEAD‘, ‘PUT‘, ‘POST‘, ‘DELETE‘)
def __init__(self):
self.url = None
self.headers = dict()
self.method = None
self.params = {}
self.data = {}
self.response = Response()
self.auth = None
self.sent = False
def __repr__(self):
try:
repr = ‘<Request [%s]>‘ % (self.method)
except:
repr = ‘<Request object>‘
return repr
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
if (name == ‘method‘) and (value):
if not value in self._METHODS:
raise InvalidMethod()
object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
初始化操作:
def get(url, params={}, headers={}, auth=None):
"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param params: (optional) Dictionary of GET Parameters to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to sent with the :class:`Request`.
:param auth: (optional) AuthObject to enable Basic HTTP Auth.
"""
r = Request()
r.method = ‘GET‘
r.url = url
r.params = params
r.headers = headers
r.auth = _detect_auth(url, auth)
r.send()
return r.response
用**kwargs可在方法间的传递大量参数，不需要自己每次都初始化一个dict用来传参(嗯,之前我就是这样的傻逼)
def get(url, params={}, headers={}, cookies=None, auth=None):
return request(‘GET‘, url, params=params, headers=headers, cookiejar=cookies, auth=auth)
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
data = kwargs.pop(‘data‘, dict()) or kwargs.pop(‘params‘, dict())
r = Request(method=method, url=url, data=data, headers=kwargs.pop(‘headers‘, {}),
cookiejar=kwargs.pop(‘cookies‘, None), files=kwargs.pop(‘files‘, None),
auth=kwargs.pop(‘auth‘, auth_manager.get_auth(url)))
r.send()
return r.response
热修复技术方案，可以参考协程,协程为了实现异步效果,替换了python原生的很多库。就是模块在加载前，把自己的模块在系统加载前替换掉原系统模块，然后达到自己的（不可告人的）目的。
这里其实不是requests使用了monkey patch,而是pyopenssl这个库,这个是为了修复python2.7中SNI的bug,将原来的ssl_wrap_socket方法做了替换(不过我没看到requests有任何注入操作,坑爹...)
# 替换
def inject_into_urllib3():
‘Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.‘
connection.ssl_wrap_socket = ssl_wrap_socket
util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
util.IS_PYOPENSSL = True
# 还原
def extract_from_urllib3():
‘Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`.‘
connection.ssl_wrap_socket = orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket
util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
util.IS_PYOPENSSL = False
如果在请求https过程中出现SNIMissing的问题,可以考虑这么解决:
pip install pyopenssl ndg-httpsclient pyasn1
try:
import urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl
urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
except ImportError:
pass
相当于就是执行主动注入的操作(但这个不应该是requests框架自己该集成的么...)
requests中有一个钩子函数，看历史版本，原来提供的回调入口有好几个，目前只有response一个回调入口了，测试代码如下
import requests
def print_url(r, *args, **kwargs):
print r.content
print r.url
requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org‘, hooks=dict(response=print_url))
这会发生什么呢？requests会在requests.Response返回前回调这个print_url这个方法。可以看到，回调操作是在requests拿到请求结果后才去操作的
def send(self, request, **kwargs):
"""
Send a given PreparedRequest.
:rtype: requests.Response
"""
...
# Get the appropriate adapter to use
adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)
# Start time (approximately) of the request
start = datetime.utcnow()
# Send the request
r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
# Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
r.elapsed = datetime.utcnow() - start
# Response manipulation hooks
r = dispatch_hook(‘response‘, hooks, r, **kwargs)
那dispatch_hook又干了什么呢？
def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
"""Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
hooks = hooks or dict()
hooks = hooks.get(key)
if hooks:
if hasattr(hooks, ‘__call__‘):
hooks = [hooks]
for hook in hooks:
_hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
if _hook_data is not None:
hook_data = _hook_data
return hook_data
可以看到dispatch_hook本身是可以拓展的，但可惜的是目前requests只有response入口了，也许是为了安全吧。
其实说真的,requests的hook使用起来真的不够好,真正好用的hook,可以看看flask.
with requests.settings(timeout=0.5):
requests.get(‘http://example.org‘)
requests.get(‘http://example.org‘, timeout=10)
在with之中，所有的配置加载都是在局部生效的，就算requests.get(‘http://example.org‘, timeout=10)，但requests对象中的timeout属性依然是0.5而不是10，怎么实现的呢？
class settings:
"""Context manager for settings."""
cache = {}
def __init__(self, timeout):
self.module = inspect.getmodule(self)
# Cache settings
self.cache[‘timeout‘] = self.module.timeout
self.module.timeout = timeout
def __enter__(self):
pass
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
# Restore settings
for key in self.cache:
setattr(self.module, key, self.cache[key])
其实很简单，只要在进入这个context时，将原有的属性储存起来，退出context时，重新set回去就行了。
requests对每一个send请求都会做重定向的判断,具体就是如果是重定向,那就执行以下这个方法
def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, **adapter_kwargs):
"""Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
i = 0
hist = [] # keep track of history
while resp.is_redirect:
prepared_request = req.copy()
if i > 0:
# Update history and keep track of redirects.
hist.append(resp)
new_hist = list(hist)
resp.history = new_hist
...
url = resp.headers[‘location‘]
# Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4)
if url.startswith(‘//‘):
parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url)
url = ‘%s:%s‘ % (parsed_rurl.scheme, url)
...
extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
prepared_request._cookies.update(self.cookies)
prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
# Rebuild auth and proxy information.
proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)
self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp)
# Override the original request.
req = prepared_request
resp = self.send(
req,
stream=stream,
timeout=timeout,
verify=verify,
cert=cert,
proxies=proxies,
allow_redirects=False,
**adapter_kwargs
)
extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
i += 1
yield resp
可以看到,requests会从url = resp.headers[‘location‘]取出重定向后的url,将resp追加到history中,然后重设head,cookie,proxy,auth执行self.send操作,然后yield resp后进入下一次循环,判断是否是redirect,最多redirect次数为30次.
标签：**kwargs 管理 问题 man class elf ams cer except
原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/alexkn/p/6266573.html
