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深入tornado中的协程

时间:2017-04-10 19:17:08      阅读:273      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

标签:block   timeout   append   for   nal   情况   more   object   prot   

tornado使用了单进程(当然也可以多进程) + 协程 + I/O多路复用的机制,解决了C10K中因为过多的线程(进程)的上下文切换 而导致的cpu资源的浪费。

tornado中的I/O多路复用前面已经讲过了。本文不做详细解释。

来看一下tornado中的协程模块:tornado.gen:

tornado.gen是根据生成器(generator)实现的,用来更加简单的实现异步。

在tornado的官方文档中有这么一句话:

Most asynchronous functions in Tornado return a Future; yielding this object returns its result.

就是说:在tornado中大多数的异步函数返回一个Future对象,yield Future对象 会返回其结果。

一  Future对象

先来说说Future对象:

Future对象可以概括为: 一个异步操作的占位符,当然这个占位符有些特殊,它特殊在:

  1 这个占位符是一个对象

  2 这个对象包含了很多属性,包括_result 以及 _callbacks,分别用来存储异步操作的结果以及回调函数

  3 这个对象包含了很多方法,比如添加回调函数,设置异步操作结果等。

  4 当这个对象对应的异步操作完成后,该对象会被set_done,然后遍历并运行_callbacks中的回调函数

来看一下Future的简化版

class Future(object):
    ‘‘‘
        Future对象主要保存一个回调函数列表_callbacks与一个执行结果_result,当我们set_result时,就会执行_callbacks中的函数
        如果set_result或者set_done,就会遍历_callbacks列表并执行callback(self)函数
    ‘‘‘
    def __init__(self):
        self._result = None    # 执行的结果
        self._callbacks = []    # 用来保存该future对象的回调函数

    def result(self, timeout=None):
        # 如果操作成功,返回结果。如果失败则抛出异常
        self._clear_tb_log()
        if self._result is not None:
            return self._result
        if self._exc_info is not None:
            raise_exc_info(self._exc_info)
        self._check_done()
        return self._result

    def add_done_callback(self, fn):
        if self._done:
            fn(self)
        else:
            self._callbacks.append(fn)

    def set_result(self, result):
        self._result = result
        self._set_done()

    def _set_done(self):
        # 执行结束(成功)后的操作。
        self._done = True
        for cb in self._callbacks:
            try:
                cb(self)
            except Exception:
                app_log.exception(Exception in callback %r for %r, cb, self)
        self._callbacks = None

完整源码:

技术分享
class Future(object):
    ‘‘‘
        Future对象主要保存一个回调函数列表_callbacks与一个执行结果_result,当我们set_result时,就会执行_callbacks中的函数
    ‘‘‘
    def __init__(self):
        self._done = False  # 是否执行完成
        self._result = None    # 执行的结果
        self._exc_info = None    # 执行的异常信息

        self._log_traceback = False   # Used for Python >= 3.4
        self._tb_logger = None        # Used for Python <= 3.3

        self._callbacks = []    # 用来保存该future对象的回调函数

    # Implement the Python 3.5 Awaitable protocol if possible
    # (we can‘t use return and yield together until py33).
    if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
        exec(textwrap.dedent("""
        def __await__(self):
            return (yield self)
        """))
    else:
        # Py2-compatible version for use with cython.
        def __await__(self):
            result = yield self
            # StopIteration doesn‘t take args before py33,
            # but Cython recognizes the args tuple.
            e = StopIteration()
            e.args = (result,)
            raise e

    def cancel(self):
        """Cancel the operation, if possible. 如果可能的话取消操作
        tornado对象不支持取消操作,所以总是返回False
        """
        return False

    def cancelled(self):
        # 同上
        return False

    def running(self):
        """Returns True if this operation is currently running."""
        return not self._done

    def done(self):
        """Returns True if the future has finished running."""
        return self._done

    def _clear_tb_log(self):
        self._log_traceback = False
        if self._tb_logger is not None:
            self._tb_logger.clear()
            self._tb_logger = None

    def result(self, timeout=None):
        """If the operation succeeded, return its result.  If it failed,
        re-raise its exception. 如果操作成功,返回结果。如果失败则抛出异常

        This method takes a ``timeout`` argument for compatibility with
        `concurrent.futures.Future` but it is an error to call it
        before the `Future` is done, so the ``timeout`` is never used.
        """
        self._clear_tb_log()
        if self._result is not None:
            return self._result
        if self._exc_info is not None:
            raise_exc_info(self._exc_info)
        self._check_done()
        return self._result

    def exception(self, timeout=None):
        """If the operation raised an exception, return the `Exception`
        object.  Otherwise returns None.

        This method takes a ``timeout`` argument for compatibility with
        `concurrent.futures.Future` but it is an error to call it
        before the `Future` is done, so the ``timeout`` is never used.
        """
        self._clear_tb_log()
        if self._exc_info is not None:
            return self._exc_info[1]
        else:
            self._check_done()
            return None

    def add_done_callback(self, fn):
        """Attaches the given callback to the `Future`. 将callback附加到

        It will be invoked with the `Future` as its argument when the Future
        has finished running and its result is available.  In Tornado
        consider using `.IOLoop.add_future` instead of calling
        `add_done_callback` directly.
        """
        if self._done:
            fn(self)
        else:
            self._callbacks.append(fn)

    def set_result(self, result):
        """Sets the result of a ``Future``. 将 result 设置为该future对象的结果

        It is undefined to call any of the ``set`` methods more than once
        on the same object.
        """
        self._result = result
        self._set_done()

    def set_exception(self, exception):
        """Sets the exception of a ``Future.``"""
        self.set_exc_info(
            (exception.__class__,
             exception,
             getattr(exception, __traceback__, None)))

    def exc_info(self):
        """Returns a tuple in the same format as `sys.exc_info` or None.

        .. versionadded:: 4.0
        """
        self._clear_tb_log()
        return self._exc_info

    def set_exc_info(self, exc_info):
        """Sets the exception information of a ``Future.``

        Preserves tracebacks on Python 2.

        .. versionadded:: 4.0
        """
        self._exc_info = exc_info
        self._log_traceback = True
        if not _GC_CYCLE_FINALIZERS:
            self._tb_logger = _TracebackLogger(exc_info)

        try:
            self._set_done()
        finally:
            # Activate the logger after all callbacks have had a
            # chance to call result() or exception().
            if self._log_traceback and self._tb_logger is not None:
                self._tb_logger.activate()
        self._exc_info = exc_info

    def _check_done(self):
        if not self._done:
            raise Exception("DummyFuture does not support blocking for results")

    def _set_done(self):
        # 执行结束(成功)后的操作。
        self._done = True
        for cb in self._callbacks:
            try:
                cb(self)
            except Exception:
                app_log.exception(Exception in callback %r for %r, cb, self)
        self._callbacks = None

    # On Python 3.3 or older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
    # cycle are never destroyed. It‘s no longer the case on Python 3.4 thanks to
    # the PEP 442.
    if _GC_CYCLE_FINALIZERS:
        def __del__(self):
            if not self._log_traceback:
                # set_exception() was not called, or result() or exception()
                # has consumed the exception
                return

            tb = traceback.format_exception(*self._exc_info)

            app_log.error(Future %r exception was never retrieved: %s,
                          self, ‘‘.join(tb).rstrip())
Future源码

 

二  gen.coroutine装饰器

搞懂了Future对象再来看看tornado.gen中很常用的coroutine装饰器:

def coroutine(func, replace_callback=True):
    return _make_coroutine_wrapper(func, replace_callback=True)
_make_coroutine_wrapper :
def _make_coroutine_wrapper(func, replace_callback):
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        ‘‘‘
            大体过程:
            future = TracebackFuture()  
            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            if isinstance(result, GeneratorType):
                yielded = next(result)
                Runner(result, future, yielded)
            return future
        ‘‘‘
        future = TracebackFuture()                   # TracebackFuture = Future

        if replace_callback and callback in kwargs:
            callback = kwargs.pop(callback)
            IOLoop.current().add_future(future, lambda future: callback(future.result()))

        try:
            result = func(*args, **kwargs)           # 执行func,若func中包含yield,则返回一个generator对象
        except (Return, StopIteration) as e:
            result = _value_from_stopiteration(e)
        except Exception:
            future.set_exc_info(sys.exc_info())
            return future
        else:
            if isinstance(result, GeneratorType):      # 判断其是否为generator对象
                try:
                    orig_stack_contexts = stack_context._state.contexts
                    yielded = next(result)            # 第一次执行
                    if stack_context._state.contexts is not orig_stack_contexts:
                        yielded = TracebackFuture()
                        yielded.set_exception(
                            stack_context.StackContextInconsistentError(
                                stack_context inconsistency (probably caused 
                                by yield within a "with StackContext" block)))
                except (StopIteration, Return) as e:
                    future.set_result(_value_from_stopiteration(e))
                except Exception:
                    future.set_exc_info(sys.exc_info())
                else:
                    Runner(result, future, yielded)  # Runner(result, future, yield)
                try:
                    return future            
                finally:
                    future = None
        future.set_result(result)
        return future
    return wrapper

先来看一下大体过程:

  1  首先生成一个Future对象

  2  运行该被装饰函数并将结果赋值给result。 在这里因为tornado的‘异步‘实现是基于generator的,所以一般情况下 result是一个generator对象

  3  yielded = next(result)  执行到被装饰函数的第一次yield,将结果赋值给yielded。一般情况下,yielded很大情况下是一个Future对象。

  4  Runner(result, future, yielded)

  5  return future

除了第4步以外其他都很好理解,所以来了解一下第四步Runner()干了些啥:

三  Runner()类

1 为什么要有Runner()?或者说Runner()的作用是什么?

tornado的协程或者说异步是基于generator实现的,generator较为常用的有两个方法:send() next() ,关于这两个方法的流程分析在这

很多情况下会有generator的嵌套。比如说经常会yield 一个generator。当A生成器yield B生成器时,分两步:

  1 我们首先中止A的执行转而执行B

  2 当B执行完成后,我们需要将B的结果send()至A中止的地方,继续执行A

Runner()主要就是来做这些的,也就是控制生成器的执行与中止,并在合适的情况下使用send()方法同时传入B生成器的结果唤醒A生成器。

来看一个简单例子:

技术分享
def run():
    print(start running)
    yield 2     # 跑步用时2小时

def eat():
    print(start eating)
    yield 1     # 吃饭用时1小时

def time():
    run_time = yield run()
    eat_time = yield eat()
    print(run_time+eat_time)

def Runner(gen):
    r = next(gen)
    return r

t = time()
try:
    action = t.send(Runner(next(t)))
    t.send(Runner(action))
except StopIteration:
    pass
View Code

上例中的Runner()仅仅完成了第一步,我们还需要手动的执行第二步,而tornado的gen的Runner()则做了全套奥!

2 剖析Runner()

在Runner()中主要有三个方法__init__  handle_yield  run:

技术分享
class Runner(object):
    def __init__(self, gen, result_future, first_yielded):
        self.gen = gen                        # 一个generator对象
        self.result_future = result_future    # 一个Future对象
        self.future = _null_future            # 一个刚初始化的Future对象  _null_future = Future(); _null_future.set_result(None)
        self.yield_point = None
        self.pending_callbacks = None
        self.results = None
        self.running = False
        self.finished = False
        self.had_exception = False
        self.io_loop = IOLoop.current()
        self.stack_context_deactivate = None
        if self.handle_yield(first_yielded):
            self.run()
    
    ………… 部分方法省略
    def run(self):
        """Starts or resumes the generator, running until it reaches a
        yield point that is not ready.
        """
        if self.running or self.finished:
            return
        try:
            self.running = True
            while True:
                future = self.future
                if not future.done():
                    return
                self.future = None
                try:
                    orig_stack_contexts = stack_context._state.contexts
                    exc_info = None

                    try:
                        value = future.result()
                    except Exception:
                        self.had_exception = True
                        exc_info = sys.exc_info()

                    if exc_info is not None:
                        yielded = self.gen.throw(*exc_info)
                        exc_info = None
                    else:
                        yielded = self.gen.send(value)

                    if stack_context._state.contexts is not orig_stack_contexts:
                        self.gen.throw(
                            stack_context.StackContextInconsistentError(
                                stack_context inconsistency (probably caused 
                                by yield within a "with StackContext" block)))
                except (StopIteration, Return) as e:
                    self.finished = True
                    self.future = _null_future
                    if self.pending_callbacks and not self.had_exception:
                        # If we ran cleanly without waiting on all callbacks
                        # raise an error (really more of a warning).  If we
                        # had an exception then some callbacks may have been
                        # orphaned, so skip the check in that case.
                        raise LeakedCallbackError(
                            "finished without waiting for callbacks %r" %
                            self.pending_callbacks)
                    self.result_future.set_result(_value_from_stopiteration(e))
                    self.result_future = None
                    self._deactivate_stack_context()
                    return
                except Exception:
                    self.finished = True
                    self.future = _null_future
                    self.result_future.set_exc_info(sys.exc_info())
                    self.result_future = None
                    self._deactivate_stack_context()
                    return
                if not self.handle_yield(yielded):
                    return
        finally:
            self.running = False

    def handle_yield(self, yielded):
        if _contains_yieldpoint(yielded):    # 检查其中是否包含YieldPoint
            yielded = multi(yielded)

        if isinstance(yielded, YieldPoint):        # Base class for objects that may be yielded from the generator
            self.future = TracebackFuture()        # 一个刚刚初始化的Future对象

            def start_yield_point():
                try:
                    yielded.start(self)
                    if yielded.is_ready():
                        self.future.set_result(yielded.get_result())
                    else:
                        self.yield_point = yielded
                except Exception:
                    self.future = TracebackFuture()
                    self.future.set_exc_info(sys.exc_info())

            if self.stack_context_deactivate is None:
                with stack_context.ExceptionStackContext(self.handle_exception) as deactivate:
                    self.stack_context_deactivate = deactivate
                    
                    def cb():
                        start_yield_point()
                        self.run()
                    self.io_loop.add_callback(cb)
                    return False
            else:
                start_yield_point()
        else:
            try:
                self.future = convert_yielded(yielded)
            except BadYieldError:
                self.future = TracebackFuture()
                self.future.set_exc_info(sys.exc_info())

        if not self.future.done() or self.future is moment:  # moment = Future()
            self.io_loop.add_future(self.future, lambda f: self.run()) # 为该future添加callback
            return False
        return True
Runner()

2.1 __init__方法

__init__ 里面执行了一些初始化的操作,最主要是最后两句:

if self.handle_yield(first_yielded): # 运行
    self.run()

2.2 handle_yield方法

handle_yield(self, yielded) 函数,这个函数顾名思义,就是用来处理yield返回的对象的。

首先我们假设yielded是一个Future对象(因为这是最常用的情况),这样的话代码就缩减了很多

def handle_yield(self, yielded):
        self.future = convert_yielded(yielded)                         # 如果yielded是Future对象则原样返回
        if not self.future.done() or self.future is moment:            # moment = Future()
            self.io_loop.add_future(self.future, lambda f: self.run()) # 为该future添加callback
            return False
        return True

也就是干了三步:

  首先解析出self.future  

  然后判断self.future对象是否已经被done(完成),如果没有的话为其添加回调函数,这个回调函数会执行self.run()

  返回self.future对象是否被done

总体来说,handle_yield返回yielded对象是否被set_done,如果没有则为yielded对象添加回调函数,这个回调函数执行self.run()

还有一个有趣的地方,就是上面代码的第四行:  self.io_loop.add_future(self.future, lambda f: self.run()) 

def add_future(self, future, callback):
    # 为future添加一个回调函数,这个回调函数的作用是:将参数callback添加至self._callbacks中
    # 大家思考一个问题: 如果某个Future对象被set_done,那么他的回调函数应该在什么时候执行? 
    # 是立即执行亦或者是将回调函数添加到IOLoop实例的_callbacks中进行统一执行? 
    # 虽然前者更简单,但导致回调函数的执行过于混乱,我们应该让所有满足执行条件的回调函数统一执行。显然后者更合理
    # 而add_future()的作用就是这样
    future.add_done_callback(lambda future: self.add_callback(callback, future))
        
def add_callback(self, callback, *args, **kwargs):
    # 将callback添加至_callbacks列表中
    self._callbacks.append(functools.partial(callback, *args, **kwargs))

 

2.3 run方法

再来看self.run()方法。这个方法实际上就是一个循环,不停的执行generator的send()方法,发送的值就是yielded的result。

我们可以将run()方法简化一下:

    def run(self):
        """Starts or resumes the generator, running until it reaches a
        yield point that is not ready. 循环向generator中传递值,直到某个yield返回的yielded还没有被done
        """
        try:
            self.running = True 
            while True:
                future = self.future  
                if not future.done():
                    return
                self.future = None      # 清空self.future
                value = future.result()   # 获取future对象的结果
                try:    
                    yielded = self.gen.send(value)  # send该结果,并将self.gen返回的值赋值给yielded(一般情况下这也是个future对象)
                except (StopIteration, Return) as e:
                    self.finished = True
                    self.future = _null_future
                    self.result_future.set_result(_value_from_stopiteration(e))
                    self.result_future = None
                    self._deactivate_stack_context()
                    return
                if not self.handle_yield(yielded):  # 运行self.handler_yield(yielded),如果yielded对象没有被done,则直接返回;否则继续循环
                    return
        finally:
            self.running = False

 

总结:

  1 每一个Future对应一个异步操作

  2 该Future对象可以添加回调函数,当该异步操作完成后,需要对该Future对象设置set_done或者set_result,然后执行其所有的回调函数

  3 凡是使用了coroutine装饰器的generator函数都会返回一个Future对象,同时会不断为该generator,该generator每一次运行send()或者next()的返回结果yielded以及future对象运行Runner()

  4 Runner()会对generator不断进行send()或者next()操作。具体步骤是:上一个next()或者send()操作返回的yielded(一般是一个Future对象)被set_done后,将该yielded对象的结果send()至generator中,不断循环该操作,直到产生StopIteration或者Return异常(这表示该generator执行结束),这时会为该generator对应的Future对象set_result。

    我们可以看到tornado的协程是基于generator的,generator可以通过yield关键字暂停执行,也可以通过next()或者send()恢复执行,同时send()可以向generator中传递值。

    而将协程连接起来的纽带则是Future对象,每一个Future对象都对应着一个异步操作,我们可以为该对象添加许多回调函数,当异步操作完成后通过对Future对象进行set_done或者set_result就可以执行相关的回调函数。

    提供动力与执行力的则是Runner(),他不知疲倦的将generator所yield的每一个future对象的结果send()至generator,当generator运行结束,他会进行最后的包装工作,对该generator所对应的Future对象执行set_result操作。

深入tornado中的协程

标签:block   timeout   append   for   nal   情况   more   object   prot   

原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/MnCu8261/p/6560502.html

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