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Thread类源码剖析

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标签:ons   res   获取   action   interface   err   意思   映射   返回   

目录

1.引子

2.JVM线程状态

3.Thread常用方法

4.拓展点

 


 

一、引子

说来也有些汗颜,搞了几年java,忽然发现竟然没拜读过java.lang.Thread类源码,这次特地拿出来晒一晒。本文将剖析Thread类源码(本文后面源码全部默认JDK8),并讲解一些重要的拓展点。希望对大家能有一些帮助。

本文讲解主干全部出自源码和注释,保证了权威性。(注意:网上,某些书中很多观点都是错的,过时的,片面的,所以大家一定要看源码,重要事情说N遍,看源码!看源码!看源码......)

二、JVM线程状态

在正式学习Thread类中的具体方法之前,我们先来了解一下线程有哪些状态,这个将会有助于后面对Thread类中的方法的理解。

自JDK5开始,线程包括以下6个状态,摘自Thread.State:

 1     /**
 2      * A thread state.  A thread can be in one of the following states:
 3      * <ul>
 4      * <li>{@link #NEW}<br>
 5      *     A thread that has not yet started is in this state.
 6      *     </li>
 7      * <li>{@link #RUNNABLE}<br>
 8      *     A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
 9      *     </li>
10      * <li>{@link #BLOCKED}<br>
11      *     A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock
12      *     is in this state.
13      *     </li>
14      * <li>{@link #WAITING}<br>
15      *     A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
16      *     perform a particular action is in this state.
17      *     </li>
18      * <li>{@link #TIMED_WAITING}<br>
19      *     A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action
20      *     for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
21      *     </li>
22      * <li>{@link #TERMINATED}<br>
23      *     A thread that has exited is in this state.
24      *     </li>
25      * </ul>
26      *
27      * <p>
28      * A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.----》JVM中的线程必须只能是以上6种状态的一种。这些状态是JVM状态并不能和操作系统线程状态互相映射。
29      * These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect
30      * any operating system thread states.
31      *
32      * @since   1.5
33      * @see #getState
34      */
35     public enum State {
36         /**
37          * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
38          */
39         NEW,--->线程刚创建,还未执行(start方法)
40 
41         /**
42          * Thread state for a runnable thread.  A thread in the runnable
43          * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
44          * be waiting for other resources from the operating system
45          * such as processor.
46          */
47         RUNNABLE,--->已就绪可运行的状态。处于此状态的线程是正在JVM中运行的,但可能在等待操作系统级别的资源,例如CPU时间片
48 
49         /**
50          * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
51          * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
52          * to enter a synchronized block/method or
53          * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
54          * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
55          */
56         BLOCKED,--->阻塞等待监视器锁。处于此状态的线程正在阻塞等待监视器锁,以进入一个同步块/方法,或者在执行完wait()方法后重入同步块/方法。
57 
58         /**
59          * Thread state for a waiting thread.
60          * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
61          * following methods:
62          * <ul>
63          *   <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
64          *   <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
65          *   <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
66          * </ul>
67          *
68          * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
69          * perform a particular action.
70          *
71          * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
72          * on an object is waiting for another thread to call
73          * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
74          * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
75          * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
76          */
77         WAITING,--->等待。执行完Object.wait无超时参数操作,或者 Thread.join无超时参数操作(进入等待指定的线程执行结束),或者 LockSupport.park操作后,线程进入等待状态。
一般在等待状态的线程在等待其它线程执行特殊操作,例如:等待另其它线程操作Object.notify()唤醒或者Object.notifyAll()唤醒所有。
78 79 /** 80 * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time. 81 * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of 82 * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time: 83 * <ul> 84 * <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li> 85 * <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li> 86 * <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li> 87 * <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li> 88 * <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li> 89 * </ul> 90 */ 91 TIMED_WAITING,--->限时等待Thread.sleepObject.wait带超时时间、Thread.join带超时时间、LockSupport.parkNanosLockSupport.parkUntil这些操作会时线程进入限时等待。 92 93 /** 94 * Thread state for a terminated thread. 95 * The thread has completed execution. 96 */ 97 TERMINATED;--->终止,线程执行完毕。 98 }

看了源码6种状态,很多人会迷惑怎么没有Running状态呢?好吧,请相信源码,不要混淆操作系统线程状态和java线程状态。JVM中的线程必须只能是以上6种状态的一种!(见上图枚举State 注释中的红色部分)。

Running其实是早期操作系统下“单线程进程”的状态,如下图:

技术分享

 注意:上图已年久失修,不可参考!!!!

好吧,现在是不是觉得三观被颠覆...

最新JAVA(JVM)线程状态转换如下图

 技术分享

如上图,可见:RUNNABLE = 正在JVM中运行的(Running)+ 可能在等待操作系统级别的资源(Read),例如CPU时间片

  线程创建之后,不会立即进入就绪状态,因为线程的运行需要一些条件(比如内存资源),只有线程运行需要的所有条件满足了,才进入就绪状态。

  当线程进入就绪状态后,不代表立刻就能获取CPU执行时间,也许此时CPU正在执行其他的事情,因此它要等待。当得到CPU执行时间之后,线程便真正进入运行状态。

  线程在运行状态过程中,可能有多个原因导致当前线程不继续运行下去,比如用户主动让线程睡眠(睡眠一定的时间之后再重新执行)、用户主动让线程等待,或者被同步块给阻塞,此时就对应着多个状态:time waiting(睡眠或等待一定的事件)、waiting(等待被唤醒)、blocked(阻塞)。

  当由于突然中断或者子任务执行完毕,线程就会被消亡。

三.Thread类中的方法

老规矩,先看源码注释:

/**
 * A <i>thread</i> is a thread of execution in a program. The Java  ---》一个“线程”是在在程序中执行的线程。Java虚拟机允许应用多个线程并发运行。
 * Virtual Machine allows an application to have multiple threads of
 * execution running concurrently.
 * <p>
 * Every thread has a priority. Threads with higher priority are--》每个线程都有优先级,优先级高的先执行。线程可能是守护线程或者不是。
 * executed in preference to threads with lower priority. Each thread
 * may or may not also be marked as a daemon. When code running in
 * some thread creates a new <code>Thread</code> object, the new---》线程的优先级等于创建线程的优先级,当且仅当一个线程是守护线程,创建出来的线程才是守护线程
 * thread has its priority initially set equal to the priority of the
 * creating thread, and is a daemon thread if and only if the
 * creating thread is a daemon.
 * <p>
 * When a Java Virtual Machine starts up, there is usually a single--》通常JVM启动,有一个非守护线程作为主线程。只有当Runtime.exit被调用或者所有非守护线程死亡时(run执行完毕并返回/抛出异常)JVM会停止运行这些线程。
 * non-daemon thread (which typically calls the method named
 * <code>main</code> of some designated class). The Java Virtual
 * Machine continues to execute threads until either of the following
 * occurs:
 * <ul>
 * <li>The <code>exit</code> method of class <code>Runtime</code> has been
 *     called and the security manager has permitted the exit operation
 *     to take place.
 * <li>All threads that are not daemon threads have died, either by
 *     returning from the call to the <code>run</code> method or by
 *     throwing an exception that propagates beyond the <code>run</code>
 *     method.
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * There are two ways to create a new thread of execution. One is to--》两种创建线程的方法:继承Thread类/实现Runnable接口
 * declare a class to be a subclass of <code>Thread</code>. This
 * subclass should override the <code>run</code> method of class
 * <code>Thread</code>. An instance of the subclass can then be
 * allocated and started. For example, a thread that computes primes
 * larger than a stated value could be written as follows:
 * <hr><blockquote><pre>
 *     class PrimeThread extends Thread {
 *         long minPrime;
 *         PrimeThread(long minPrime) {
 *             this.minPrime = minPrime;
 *         }
 *
 *         public void run() {
 *             // compute primes larger than minPrime
 *              . . .
 *         }
 *     }
 * </pre></blockquote><hr>
 * <p>
 * The following code would then create a thread and start it running:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     PrimeThread p = new PrimeThread(143);
 *     p.start();
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * The other way to create a thread is to declare a class that
 * implements the <code>Runnable</code> interface. That class then
 * implements the <code>run</code> method. An instance of the class can
 * then be allocated, passed as an argument when creating
 * <code>Thread</code>, and started. The same example in this other
 * style looks like the following:
 * <hr><blockquote><pre>
 *     class PrimeRun implements Runnable {
 *         long minPrime;
 *         PrimeRun(long minPrime) {
 *             this.minPrime = minPrime;
 *         }
 *
 *         public void run() {
 *             // compute primes larger than minPrime
 *              . . .
 *         }
 *     }
 * </pre></blockquote><hr>
 * <p>
 * The following code would then create a thread and start it running:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     PrimeRun p = new PrimeRun(143);
 *     new Thread(p).start();
 * </pre></blockquote>
 * <p>
 * Every thread has a name for identification purposes. More than--》每个线程有自己的名称用来标识自己。但可能多个线程会重名,如果启动时没有创建名字,会自动生成一个。
 * one thread may have the same name. If a name is not specified when
 * a thread is created, a new name is generated for it.
 * <p>
 * Unless otherwise noted, passing a {@code null} argument to a constructor
 * or method in this class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be
 * thrown.
 *
 * @author  unascribed  --》意思是:该代码第一原作者不是我,但我实在也不知道是谁,就记作无名氏吧(版权意识)
 * @see     Runnable
 * @see     Runtime#exit(int)
 * @see     #run()
 * @see     #stop()
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */

 

  Thread类实现了Runnable接口,在Thread类中,

  关键属性

  name是表示Thread的名字,可以通过Thread类的构造器中的参数来指定线程名字,

  priority表示线程的优先级(最大值为10,最小值为1,默认值为5),

  daemon表示线程是否是守护线程,如果在main线程中创建了一个守护线程,当main方法运行完毕之后,守护线程也会随着消亡。在JVM中,垃圾收集器线程就是守护线程。

  target表示要执行的任务。

  group线程群组

  关键方法

  以下是关系到线程运行状态的几个方法:

  1)start

  start()用来启动一个线程,当调用start方法后,系统才会开启一个新的线程来执行用户定义的子任务,在这个过程中,会为相应的线程分配需要的资源。

  2)run

  run()方法是不需要用户来调用的,当通过start方法启动一个线程之后,当线程获得了CPU执行时间,便进入run方法体去执行具体的任务。注意,继承Thread类必须重写run方法,在run方法中定义具体要执行的任务。

  3)sleep

  sleep方法有两个重载版本:

1 public static native void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;
2 
3 public static void sleep(long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException; 

  sleep让线程睡眠,交出CPU,让CPU去执行其他的任务。sleep方法不会释放锁,也就是说如果当前线程持有对某个对象的锁,则即使调用sleep方法,其他线程也无法访问这个对象。sleep方法相当于让线程进入阻塞状态。

  4)yield

  调用yield方法会让当前线程交出CPU权限,让CPU去执行其他的线程。它跟sleep方法类似,同样不会释放锁。但是yield不能控制具体的交出CPU的时间,另外,yield方法只能让拥有相同优先级的线程有获取CPU执行时间的机会。

  注意,调用yield方法并不会让线程进入阻塞状态,而是让线程重回就绪状态,它只需要等待重新获取CPU执行时间,这一点是和sleep方法不一样的。

  5)join

  join方法有三个重载版本:

1 join()
2 join(long millis)     //参数为毫秒
3 join(long millis,int nanoseconds)    //第一参数为毫秒,第二个参数为纳秒

  可以看出,当调用thread.join()方法后,main线程会进入等待,然后等待thread执行完之后再继续执行。

  实际上调用join方法是调用了Object的wait方法,这个可以通过查看源码得知:

  技术分享

  wait方法会让线程进入阻塞状态,并且会释放线程占有的锁,并交出CPU执行权限。

  6)interrupt

  interrupt,中断。单独调用interrupt方法可以使得处于阻塞状态的线程抛出一个异常,也就说,它可以用来中断一个正处于阻塞状态的线程;

  7)stop

  stop方法已经是一个废弃的方法,它是一个不安全的方法。因为调用stop方法会直接终止run方法的调用,并且会抛出一个ThreadDeath错误,如果线程持有某个对象锁的话,会完全释放锁,导致对象状态不一致。所以stop方法基本是不会被用到的。

  8)destroy

  destroy方法也是废弃的方法。基本不会被使用到。

四、

  

  

 


参考

《JAVA高并发程序设计》电子工业出版社

Java并发编程:Thread类的使用

 

 

Thread类源码剖析

标签:ons   res   获取   action   interface   err   意思   映射   返回   

原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/dennyzhangdd/p/7280032.html

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