码迷,mamicode.com
首页 > 其他好文 > 详细

py爬虫资料

时间:2017-10-29 11:07:52      阅读:363      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

标签:path   urllib2   input   method   gps   base   out   ice   contents   

Requests

Python标准库中提供了:urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求,但是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作,甚至包括各种方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,变得美好了许多,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、get请求

# 1、无参数实例
 
import requests
 
ret = requests.get(https://github.com/timeline.json)
 
 
# 2、有参数实例
 
import requests
 
payload = {key1: value1, key2: value2}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)

2、post请求

# 1、基本POST实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {key1: value1, key2: value2}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
  
  
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
  
import requests
import json
  
url = https://api.github.com/some/endpoint
payload = {some: data}
headers = {content-type: application/json}
  
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
技术分享
def param_param():
    # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
    # - 可以是字节(ascii编码以内)

    # requests.request(method=‘get‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # params={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘})

    # requests.request(method=‘get‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method=‘get‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding=‘utf8‘))
    pass


def param_data():
    # 可以是字典
    # 可以是字符串
    # 可以是字节
    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # data={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘})

    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
    # )

    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # data=open(‘data_file.py‘, mode=‘r‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘), # 文件内容是:k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
    # )
    pass


def param_json():
    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串,json.dumps(...)
    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中,并且Content-Type是 {‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/json‘}
    # 设置编码
    # requests.post(init_url,data=json.dumps(post_data),headers={‘Content-Type‘:‘application/json;charset=utf-8‘})
    requests.request(method=POST,
                     url=http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/,
                     json={k1: v1, k2: 水电费})


def param_headers():
    # 发送请求头到服务器端
    requests.request(method=POST,
                     url=http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/,
                     json={k1: v1, k2: 水电费},
                     headers={Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded}
                     )


def param_cookies():
    # 发送Cookie到服务器端
    requests.request(method=POST,
                     url=http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/,
                     data={k1: v1, k2: v2},
                     cookies={cook1: value1},
                     )
                     
    # 也可以使用CookieJar(字典形式就是在此基础上封装)
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()
    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name=c1, value=v1, port=None, domain=‘‘, path=/, secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={HttpOnly: None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method=POST,
                     url=http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/,
                     data={k1: v1, k2: v2},
                     cookies=obj)


def param_files():
    # 发送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # ‘f1‘: open(‘readme‘, ‘rb‘)
    # }
    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件,定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, open(‘readme‘, ‘rb‘))
    # }
    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件,定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件,定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    #     ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", ‘application/text‘, {‘k1‘: ‘0‘})
    # }
    # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
    #                  url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass


def param_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get(https://api.github.com/user, auth=HTTPBasicAuth(wupeiqi, sdfasdfasdf))
    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get(‘http://192.168.1.1‘,
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth(‘admin‘, ‘admin‘))
    # ret.encoding = ‘gbk‘
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass‘, auth=HTTPDigestAuth(‘user‘, ‘pass‘))
    # print(ret)
    #


def param_timeout():
    # ret = requests.get(‘http://google.com/‘, timeout=1)
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get(‘http://google.com/‘, timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass


def param_allow_redirects():
    ret = requests.get(http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/, allow_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)


def param_proxies():
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {‘http://10.20.1.128‘: ‘http://10.10.1.10:5323‘}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)


    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # ‘http‘: ‘77.75.105.165‘,
    # ‘https‘: ‘77.75.105.165‘
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth(‘username‘, ‘mypassword‘)
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass


def param_stream():
    ret = requests.get(http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/, stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/get‘, stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此处理响应。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)


def requests_session():
    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            phone: "8615131255089",
            password: "xxxxxx",
            oneMonth: ""
        }
    )

    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)
requsts更多参数示例

BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup是一个模块,该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串,然后将其进行格式化,之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素,从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse‘s story</title></head>
<body>
asdf
    <div class="title">
        <b>The Dormouse‘s story总共</b>
        <h1>f</h1>
    </div>
<div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
    <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,
    <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
    <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>
ad<br/>sf
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
</html>
"""
 
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")
# 找到第一个a标签
tag1 = soup.find(name=a)
# 找到所有的a标签
tag2 = soup.find_all(name=a)
# 找到id=link2的标签
tag3 = soup.select(#link2)

安装:

  pip3 install beautifulsoup4

 

1. name,标签名称

# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# name = tag.name # 获取
# print(name)
# tag.name = ‘span‘ # 设置
# print(soup)

2. attr,标签属性

# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取
# print(attrs)
# tag.attrs = {‘ik‘:123} # 设置
# tag.attrs[‘id‘] = ‘iiiii‘ # 设置
# print(soup)

3. children,所有子标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.children

4. children,所有子子孙孙标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.descendants

5. clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空(保留标签名)

# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)
# tag.clear()
# print(soup)

6. decompose,递归的删除所有的标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# body.decompose()
# print(soup)

7. extract,递归的删除所有的标签,并获取删除的标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.extract()
# print(soup)

8. decode,转换为字符串(含当前标签);decode_contents(不含当前标签)

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.decode()
# v = body.decode_contents()
# print(v)

9. encode,转换为字节(含当前标签);encode_contents(不含当前标签)

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.encode()
# v = body.encode_contents()
# print(v)

10. find,获取匹配的第一个标签

# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# print(tag)
# tag = soup.find(name=‘a‘, attrs={‘class‘: ‘sister‘}, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)
# tag = soup.find(name=‘a‘, class_=‘sister‘, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)
# print(tag)

11. find_all,获取匹配的所有标签

# tags = soup.find_all(‘a‘)
# print(tags)
 
# tags = soup.find_all(‘a‘,limit=1)
# print(tags)
 
# tags = soup.find_all(name=‘a‘, attrs={‘class‘: ‘sister‘}, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)
# # tags = soup.find(name=‘a‘, class_=‘sister‘, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)
# print(tags)
 
 
# ####### 列表 #######
# v = soup.find_all(name=[‘a‘,‘div‘])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(class_=[‘sister0‘, ‘sister‘])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(text=[‘Tillie‘])
# print(v, type(v[0]))
 
 
# v = soup.find_all(id=[‘link1‘,‘link2‘])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(href=[‘link1‘,‘link2‘])
# print(v)
 
# ####### 正则 #######
import re
# rep = re.compile(‘p‘)
# rep = re.compile(‘^p‘)
# v = soup.find_all(name=rep)
# print(v)
 
# rep = re.compile(‘sister.*‘)
# v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)
# print(v)
 
# rep = re.compile(‘http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*‘)
# v = soup.find_all(href=rep)
# print(v)
 
# ####### 方法筛选 #######
# def func(tag):
# return tag.has_attr(‘class‘) and tag.has_attr(‘id‘)
# v = soup.find_all(name=func)
# print(v)
 
 
# ## get,获取标签属性
# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# v = tag.get(‘id‘)
# print(v)

12. has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性

# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# v = tag.has_attr(‘id‘)
# print(v)

13. get_text,获取标签内部文本内容

# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# v = tag.get_text(‘id‘)
# print(v)

14. index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = tag.index(tag.find(‘div‘))
# print(v)
 
# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)
# for i,v in enumerate(tag):
# print(i,v)

15. is_empty_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签,

     判断是否是如下标签:‘br‘ , ‘hr‘, ‘input‘, ‘img‘, ‘meta‘,‘spacer‘, ‘link‘, ‘frame‘, ‘base‘

# tag = soup.find(‘br‘)
# v = tag.is_empty_element
# print(v)

16. 当前的关联标签

# soup.next
# soup.next_element
# soup.next_elements
# soup.next_sibling
# soup.next_siblings
 
#
# tag.previous
# tag.previous_element
# tag.previous_elements
# tag.previous_sibling
# tag.previous_siblings
 
#
# tag.parent
# tag.parents

 

py爬虫资料

标签:path   urllib2   input   method   gps   base   out   ice   contents   

原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/wangyufu/p/7749360.html

(0)
(0)
   
举报
评论 一句话评论(0
登录后才能评论!
© 2014 mamicode.com 版权所有  联系我们:gaon5@hotmail.com
迷上了代码!