标签：匹配 call domain __call__ tty test orm ase python
pip3 install flask
socket服务端
wsgi： Web服务网关接口 - wsgiref # Django内部内置模块 - werkzeug # Flask安装完成后，内部默认已经安装好werkzeug
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response from werkzeug.serving import run_simple @Request.application def hello(request): return Response(‘Hello World!‘) if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: run_simple(‘localhost‘, 4000, hello) # hello是回调方法
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server def run_server(environ, start_response): start_response(‘200 OK‘, [(‘Content-Type‘, ‘text/html‘)]) return [bytes(‘<h1>Hello, web!</h1>‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘), ] if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: httpd = make_server(‘‘, 8000, run_server) httpd.serve_forever()
创建Flask s133，生成最简单的代码。运行s133.py文件，flask运行成功。
from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) # 路由映射关系 @app.route(‘/‘) def hello_world(): return ‘Hello World!‘ if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
以下配置参数为app = Flask(__name__)的参数，查看源码类Flask __init__中可传的参数
import_name, # 就是Flask(__name__)中的__name__，一般写__name__ static_path=None, # 静态文件路径，这个即将被废弃了 static_url_path=None, # 静态前缀：static_url_path = ‘/sssss‘。创建flask时目录被默认创建为/static,未配置该参数时，访问127.0.0.1:5000/static/1.jpg就可访问/static目录下的图片 但是修改配置后直接访问127.0.0.1:5000/sssss/1.jpg就可访问/static目录下的图片 static_folder=‘static‘, # 静态文件目录，创建Flask时目录/static被默认创建 template_folder=‘templates‘, # 模板路径，创建Flask时目录/templates被默认创建。from flask import Flask,render_template return render_template(‘hello.html‘) instance_path=None, # C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\s133\instance，用的少，默认是路径，当前目录 + \instance instance_relative_config=False, # 当为True，会默认去C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\s133\instance找配置文件。如果为Flase时，不管它。 root_path=None # C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\s133，当前目录。默认在当前目录找配置文件instance_relative_config=True时， 默认去C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\s133\instance找配置文件
以下配置为flask.config.Config对象（继承字典）的默认参数
{ ‘DEBUG‘: get_debug_flag(default=False), # 是否开启Debug模式 ‘TESTING‘: False, # 是否开启测试模式 ‘PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS‘: None, ‘PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION‘: None, ‘SECRET_KEY‘: None, ‘PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME‘: timedelta(days=31), # session的超时时间 ‘USE_X_SENDFILE‘: False, ‘LOGGER_NAME‘: None, ‘LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY‘: ‘always‘, ‘SERVER_NAME‘: None, ‘APPLICATION_ROOT‘: None, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_NAME‘: ‘session‘, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN‘: None, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_PATH‘: None, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY‘: True, ‘SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE‘: False, ‘SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST‘: True, ‘MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH‘: None, ‘SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT‘: timedelta(hours=12), ‘TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS‘: False, ‘TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS‘: False, ‘EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING‘: False, ‘PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME‘: ‘http‘, ‘JSON_AS_ASCII‘: True, ‘JSON_SORT_KEYS‘: True, ‘JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR‘: True, ‘JSONIFY_MIMETYPE‘: ‘application/json‘, ‘TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD‘: None, }
app.config[‘DEBUG‘] = True # 进入调试模式 app.debug = True # 进入调试模式 app.session_interface # session的接口 app.config.updata({})
第一种： 去一个.py文件中导入配置,例如flask目录下创建一个settings.py，与staic目录同一级别 s133.py: app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py") settings.py: DEBUG = True 第二种：环境变量中取 app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称"),内部调用from_pyfile方法 使用： test.py: import os os.environ[‘xxxxx‘] = "settings" # 或者os.environ[‘xxxxx‘] = "settings.py"，settings加入环境变量 s133.py: app.config.from_envvar("xxxxx") # 找到settings对象，然后执行第一种app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py") 第三种： 同第一种方式，创建json.py文件,s133.py中调用from_json方法 · app.config.from_json("json文件名称") JSON文件名称，必须是json格式，因为内部会执行json.loads 第四种：字典的格式 app.config.from_mapping({‘DEBUG‘:True}) 第五种：比较推荐使用的，注意要写大写，小写是导入不成功的。 app.config.from_object("settings.TestingConfig") settings.py： class Config(object): DEBUG = False TESTING = False DATABASE_URI = ‘sqlite://:memory:‘ class ProductionConfig(Config): DATABASE_URI = ‘mysql://user@localhost/foo‘ class DevelopmentConfig(Config): DEBUG = True class TestingConfig(Config): TESTING = True
路由使用：
@app.route(‘/‘) def hello_world(): return ‘Hello World!‘
def hello_world(): # 反向生成url from flask import url_for url = url_for(‘xxx‘) # url此时为 / return ‘Hello World!‘ app.add_url_rule(‘/‘,view_func=hello_world,endpoint=‘xxx‘,methods=["GET","POST"]) # view_func视图函数；endpoint和django中的name一样，反向生成url，不加endpoint，endpoint默认值为视图函数名
url正则匹配：
@app.route(‘/edit/<int:nid>‘) def hello_world(nid): return ‘Hello World!‘
@app.route(‘/user/<username>‘) @app.route(‘/post/<int:post_id>‘) @app.route(‘/post/<float:post_id>‘) @app.route(‘/post/<path:path>‘) @app.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘])
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = { ‘default‘: UnicodeConverter, ‘string‘: UnicodeConverter, ‘any‘: AnyConverter, ‘path‘: PathConverter, ‘int‘: IntegerConverter, ‘float‘: FloatConverter, ‘uuid‘: UUIDConverter, }
from flask import Flask, views, url_for from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter app = Flask(import_name=__name__) class RegexConverter(BaseConverter): """ 自定义URL匹配正则表达式 """ def __init__(self, map, regex): super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map) self.regex = regex def to_python(self, value): """ 路由匹配时，匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值 :param value: :return: """ return int(value) def to_url(self, value): """ 使用url_for反向生成URL时，传递的参数经过该方法处理，返回的值用于生成URL中的参数 :param value: :return: """ val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value) return val+‘666‘ # 添加到flask中 app.url_map.converters[‘regex‘] = RegexConverter # 自定义的url正则的使用 @app.route(‘/index/<regex("\d+"):nid>‘) def index(nid): print(url_for(‘index‘, nid=‘888‘)) # 反向生成url /index/888666/ ,反向生成url之前会先执行to_url方法 return ‘Index‘ if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
方法一： def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): print(‘before‘) result = func(*args, **kwargs) print(‘after‘) return result return inner @app.route(‘/index.html‘,methods=[‘GET‘,‘POST‘],endpoint=‘index‘) @auth def index(): return ‘Index‘ 方法二： def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): print(‘before‘) result = func(*args, **kwargs) print(‘after‘) return result return inner class IndexView(views.MethodView): methods = [‘GET‘] decorators = [auth, ] # 执行的装饰器 def get(self): return ‘Index.GET‘ def post(self): return ‘Index.POST‘ app.add_url_rule(‘/index‘, view_func=IndexView.as_view(name=‘index‘)) # name=endpoint
rule, URL规则 view_func, 视图函数名称 defaults=None, 默认值,当URL中无参数，函数需要参数时，使用defaults={‘nid‘:9}为函数提供参数 endpoint=None, 名称，用于反向生成URL，即： url_for(‘名称‘) methods=None, 允许的请求方式，如：["GET","POST"] strict_slashes=None, 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求， 如： @app.route(‘/index‘,strict_slashes=False)， 访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可 @app.route(‘/index‘,strict_slashes=True) 仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index redirect_to=None, 重定向到指定地址 如： @app.route(‘/index/<int:nid>‘, redirect_to=‘/home/<nid>‘) # 请求到来不执行/index/<int:nid>代码，直接重定向到/home/<nid> 或 def func(adapter, nid): return "/home/888" @app.route(‘/index/<int:nid>‘, redirect_to=func) subdomain=None, 子域名访问 如： from flask import Flask, views, url_for app = Flask(import_name=__name__) app.config[‘SERVER_NAME‘] = ‘xuyaping.com:5000‘ # 必须写，才能支持子域名 @app.route("/index/", subdomain="admin") # 访问http://admin/xuyaping.com:5000/index/ def static_index(): """Flask supports static subdomains This is available at static.your-domain.tld""" return "static.your-domain.tld" if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其语法和Django无差别
自定义模板方法
创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template，如：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{xyp()|safe}} </body> </html>
from flask import Flask,render_template app = Flask(__name__) def xuyaping(): return ‘<h1>xuyaping</h1>‘ @app.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) def login(): return render_template(‘login.html‘, xyp=xuyaping) app.run()
from flask import Flask from flask import request from flask import render_template from flask import redirect from flask import make_response app = Flask(__name__) @app.route(‘/login.html‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"]) def login(): # 请求相关信息 # request.method # request.args # GET传的参数 # request.form # 表单，POST传的参数 # request.values # request.cookies # request.headers # request.path # request.full_path # request.script_root # request.url # request.base_url # request.url_root # request.host_url # request.host # request.files # 文件 # obj = request.files[‘the_file_name‘] # obj.save(‘/var/www/uploads/‘) # save直接把文件存储到/var/www/uploads/目录中了 # 响应相关信息 # return "字符串" # 相当于django中的Httpresponse # return render_template(‘html模板路径‘,**{}) # 相当于django中的render # return redirect(‘/index.html‘) # 相当于django中的redirect # response = make_response(render_template(‘index.html‘)) # make_response把返回的数据封装起来，然后就有了delete_cookie、set_cookie、headers方法了 # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型 # response.delete_cookie(‘key‘) # response.set_cookie(‘key‘, ‘value‘) # response.headers[‘X-Something‘] = ‘A value‘ # return response return "内容" if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
flask内置session默认放在加密Cookie中，依赖于session.secret_key 设置：session[‘username‘] ＝ ‘xxx‘ 删除：session.pop(‘username‘, None)
自定义session及使用
import uuid import json from flask.sessions import SessionInterface from flask.sessions import SessionMixin from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes class MySession(dict, SessionMixin): def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None): self.sid = sid self.initial = initial super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ()) def __setitem__(self, key, value): super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value) def __getitem__(self, item): return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item) def __delitem__(self, key): super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key) class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface): session_class = MySession container = {} def __init__(self): import redis self.redis = redis.Redis() def _generate_sid(self): return str(uuid.uuid4()) def _get_signer(self, app): if not app.secret_key: return None return Signer(app.secret_key, salt=‘flask-session‘, key_derivation=‘hmac‘) def open_session(self, app, request): """ 程序刚启动时执行，需要返回一个session对象 """ sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name) if not sid: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) signer = self._get_signer(app) try: sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid) sid = sid_as_bytes.decode() except BadSignature: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) # session保存在redis中 # val = self.redis.get(sid) # session保存在内存中 val = self.container.get(sid) if val is not None: try: data = json.loads(val) return self.session_class(data, sid=sid) except: return self.session_class(sid=sid) return self.session_class(sid=sid) def save_session(self, app, session, response): """ 程序结束前执行，可以保存session中所有的值 如： 保存到resit 写入到用户cookie """ domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app) path = self.get_cookie_path(app) httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app) secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app) expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session) val = json.dumps(dict(session)) # session保存在redis中 # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime) # session保存在内存中 self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val) session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid)) response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id, expires=expires, httponly=httponly, domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
from sessions import MySessionInterface app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
或者使用flask-session模块，配置文件中设置
from flask import Flask from flask import session from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = ‘A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT‘ app.session_interface = MySessionInterface() @app.route(‘/login.html‘, methods=[‘GET‘, "POST"]) def login(): print(session) session[‘user1‘] = ‘alex‘ session[‘user2‘] = ‘alex‘ del session[‘user2‘] return "内容" if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: app.run()
message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合，其特点是：使用一次就删除。
from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request, get_flashed_messages app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = ‘some_secret‘ @app.route(‘/‘) def index1(): messages = get_flashed_messages() # 从session中取，取到就删掉 print(messages) return "Index1" @app.route(‘/set‘) def index2(): v = request.args.get(‘p‘) flash(v) # 存储在session中 return ‘ok‘ if __name__ == "__main__": app.run()
from flask import Flask, flash, request app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = ‘some_secret‘ @app.route(‘/index‘) def index(): return ‘index.html‘ # 中间件 class MiddleWare: def __init__(self,wsgi_app): self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app def __call__(self, environ, start_response): # environ, start_response是wsgi socket传的参数 print(‘before‘) response = self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response) print(‘after‘) return response if __name__ == "__main__": app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app) app.run(port=9999)
WTForms form组件，做form表单验证的组件 SQLAchemy ORM操作 Flask-Session session插件
标签：匹配 call domain __call__ tty test orm ase python
原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/xuyaping/p/7874631.html
