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Flask 从入门到实践

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Flask 从入门到实践

路由的介绍

程序实例保存了一个URL到Python程序的映射关系,处理URL和函数之间关系的程序成为路由

使用程序实例的app.route装饰器即可把要修饰的函数(可称为视图函数,下例中为index(),user())注册为路由。

from flask import Flask
from flask import request

app = Flask(__name__)


@app.route('/')
def index():
    return '<h1>Hello World!</h1>'

@app.route('/user/<name>')
def user(name):
    return '<h1>Hello, %s !</h1>' %name

@app.route('/users/<int:id>')
def users(id):
    return '<h1>Your ID is : %d !</h1>' %id

@app.route('/info/')
def info():
    user_agent = request.headers.get('User-Agent')
    return '<p>Your browser is %s</p>' % user_agent

  
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

Flask上下文全局变量

变量名 上下文 说明
current_app 程序上下文 当前激活程序的程序实例
g 程序上下文 处理请求时用作临时存储的对象,每次请求会重设该变量
request 请求上下文 请求对象,封装了客户端发出的HTTP请求中的内容
session 请求上下文 用户会话,用于存储请求之间需要“记住”的值的词典

Flask中有两种上下文:程序上下文和请求上下文,在调用之前需要先激活。

视图函数用来处理客户端发来的请求,Flask用app.route装饰器或者非装饰器的app.add_url_rule() 来生成URL映射。

在处理请求之前或之后执行处理的代码称为请求钩子函数,Flask支持以下4种装饰器来实现:

  • before_first_request:处理第一个请求前运行
  • before_request:每次请求前运行
  • after_request:如没有未处理的异常抛出,在每次请求之后运行
  • teardown_request:即是有未处理的异常也在每次请求后运行

在请求析构函数和视图函数之间共享数据一般使用上下文全局变量 g.

Flask中可用make_response来自定义响应对象,例如携带cookie等:

from flask import make_response
@app.route('/cookie/')
def cookie_test():
    response = make_response('<h1>This document carries a cookie!</h1>')
    response.set_cookie('year', '2017')
    return response

302重定向:

from flask import redirect
@app.route('/r/')
def redirect():
    return redirect('http://www.hython.com')

处理错误的响应用abort函数,若抛出异常则交控制权给web服务器:

from flask import abort
@app.route('/user/<id>')
def get_user(id):
    user = load_user(id)
    if not user:
        abort(404)
    return '<h1>Hello, %s</h1>' % user.name

Jinja2模板的使用

Jinja2变量过滤器

过滤器名 说明
safe 渲染值时不转义
capitalize 把值的首字母转换成大写,其余的小写
lower 把值转换成小写形式
upper 把值转换成大写形式
title 值中的每个单词的首字母转换成大写
trim 把值的首尾空格去掉
striptags 渲染之前把值中所有的HTML标签都删掉

控制结构

  1. 条件控制语句:if
  2. for循环
  3. 宏函数(macros)

Flask-Bootstrap插件

flask bootstrap基模板中定义的块

块名 说明
doc 整个HTML文档
html_attribs 标签的属性
html 标签中的内容
head 标签中的内容
title 标签中的内容</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>metas</td> <td>一组<meta>标签</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>styles</td> <td>css样式表定义</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>body_attribs</td> <td><body>标签的属性</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>body</td> <td><body>标签中的内容</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>navbar</td> <td>用户定义的导航条</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>content</td> <td>用户定义的页面内容</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>scripts</td> <td>文档底部的JavaScript声明</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>如果需要重新定义块,比如自定义css和js的styles和scripts,需使用jinja2中的<code>super()</code>函数:</p> <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python">{<span class="op">%</span> block scripts <span class="op">%</span>} {{ <span class="bu">super</span>() }} <span class="op"><</span>script <span class="bu">type</span><span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"text/javascript"</span> scr<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">"my-script.js"</span><span class="op">></</span>script<span class="op">></span> {<span class="op">%</span> endblock <span class="op">%</span>}</code></pre></div> <p><code>url_for()</code>函数:</p> <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="co"># _external=True返回绝对地址:http://127.0.0.1:5000/static/css/styles.css</span> url_for(<span class="st">'static'</span>, filename<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'css/styles.css'</span>, _external<span class="op">=</span><span class="va">True</span>)</code></pre></div> <h3 id="flask-moment插件本地化日期和时间">Flask-moment插件本地化日期和时间</h3> <p>引入并实例:</p> <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span class="im">from</span> flask.ext.moment <span class="im">import</span> Moment moment <span class="op">=</span> Moment(app)</code></pre></div> <p><code>base.html</code>中需要引入:</p> <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python">{<span class="op">%</span> block scripts <span class="op">%</span>} {{ <span class="bu">super</span>() }} {{ moment.include_moment() }} {{ moment.lang(<span class="st">'ja'</span>) }} {<span class="op">%</span> endblock <span class="op">%</span>}</code></pre></div> <p><code>index.html</code>中即可使用:</p> <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode html"><code class="sourceCode html"><span class="kw"><p></span>The Local date and time is {{ moment(current_time).format('LLL') }}.<span class="kw"></p></span> <span class="kw"><p></span>That was {{ moment(current_time).fromNow(refresh=True) }}<span class="kw"></p></span></code></pre></div> <p>除此之外Flask-Moment实现了moment.js中format(),fromNow(),fromTime(),calendar(),valueOf(),和unix()等方法。具体可参阅<a href="http://momentjs.com/docs/#/displaying/">官方文档</a>。</p> <h2 id="web表单">Web表单</h2> <h3 id="设置flask-wtf插件">设置Flask-WTF插件</h3> <p>为免受跨站伪造请求CSRF的攻击,需要在<code>app.config</code>设置通用密钥如下:</p> <div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python">app <span class="op">=</span> Flask(<span class="va">__name__</span>) app.config[<span class="st">'SECRET_KEY'</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'do not guess this string'</span></code></pre></div> <blockquote> <p>其实配置密钥的变量保存在系统变量中比写在代码里更为安全。</p> </blockquote> <table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th>字段类型</th> <th>说明</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td>StringField</td> <td>文本字段</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>TextAreaField</td> <td>多行文本字段</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>PasswordField</td> <td>密码文本字段</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>HiddenField</td> <td>隐藏文本字段</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>DateField</td> <td>文本字段,值为datetime.date格式</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>DateTimeField</td> <td>文本字段,值为datetime.datetime格式</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>IntegerField</td> <td>文本字段,值为整数</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>DecimalField</td> <td>文本字段,值为decimal.Decimal</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>FloatField</td> <td>文本字段,值为浮点数</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>BooleanField</td> <td>复选框</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>RadioField</td> <td>一组单选框</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>SelectField</td> <td>下拉列表</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>SelectMultipleField</td> <td>下拉列表,可选择多个值</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>FileField</td> <td>文本上传字段</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>SubmitField</td> <td>表单提交</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>FormField</td> <td>把表单作为字段嵌入另一个表单</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>FormField</td> <td>一组指定类型的字段</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="wtforms验证函数">WTForms验证函数</h3> <table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th>验证函数</th> <th>说明</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td>Email</td> <td>电子邮件地址</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>EqualTo</td> <td>比较两字段值,常用于要求输入两次密码确认</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>IPAddress</td> <td>验证IPv4网络地址</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Length</td> <td>验证输入字符串长度</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>NumberRange</td> <td>验证输入的值在数字范围内</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Optional</td> <td>无输入值时跳过其他验证函数</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>Required</td> <td>确保字段中有数据</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>Regexp</td> <td>使用正则表达式验证输入值</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>URL</td> <td>验证URL</td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td>AnyOf</td> <td>确保输入值在可选值列表中</td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td>NoneOf</td> <td>确保输入值不在可选值列表中</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><p><a href="http://www.mamicode.com/info-detail-2119149.html" title="Flask 从入门到实践,mamicode.com" style="color:#ffffff" target="_blank">Flask 从入门到实践</a></p><p>标签:<a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/html%e6%a0%87%e7%ad%be' title='html标签'>html标签</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/%e6%a0%b7%e5%bc%8f' title='样式'>样式</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/%e5%ba%94%e7%94%a8' title='应用'>应用</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/his' title='his'>his</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/refresh' title='refresh'>refresh</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/password' title='password'>password</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/option' title='option'>option</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/%e6%8c%87%e5%ae%9a' title='指定'>指定</a>   <a href='http://www.mamicode.com/so/1/%e8%bd%ac%e4%b9%89' title='转义'>转义</a>   </p><p>原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/rusher/p/8017778.html</p></span> </div> <div id="divcomment"> <div> <div class="divtextaligncenter paddingright2 overflowauto"> <div class="detailcai" id="infono" onclick="infono_click();"> <div class="detailcai1 colorboldlan"> 踩</div> <div class="detailcai2 colorboldlan"> (<span id="spanNo">0</span>)</div> </div> <div class="detailzan" id="infoyes" onclick="infoyes_click();"> <div class="detailzan1 colorboldHong"> 赞</div> <div class="detailzan2 colorboldHong"> (<span id="spanYes">0</span>)</div> </div> </div> <div class="divtextalignright margintop10"> <div class="width100bi paddingleft10right10"> <span id="spanYesContent" class="colorboldHong"></span>  <span id="spanNoContent" class="colorboldlan"></span>  <span id="spanBadContent" class="colorboldHong"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div 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