vsftpd的安裝使用:
ftp概述:FTP(File Transfer protocol,文件传输协议)是经典的C/S架构的应用层协议,需要有服务端软件,客户端软件两个部共同组成实现文件传输功能。
主程序包:/usr/sbin/vsftpd
服务名:vsftpd
用户控制列表文件:
/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers,/etc/vsftpd/user_list
主配置文件:/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
启动脚本:/etc/rc.d/init.d/vsftpd
[root@localhost mnt]# yum -y install vsftpd 安装vsftpd服务
[root@localhost mnt]# systemctl start vsftpd.service 启动vsftpd服务
[root@localhost mnt]# netstat -tunlp 查看vsftpd服务是否启动,端口为:21
此时可以访问vsftpd默认提供的站点服务;ftp://192.168.214.140,提供站点的访问资源路径为:[root@localhost pub]# cd /var/ftp/pub 下;
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
# Example config file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
#
# The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file
# loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable.
# Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults.
#
# READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options.
# Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd‘s
# capabilities.
#
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware - allowed by default if you comment this out).
anonymous_enable=YES //开启匿名用户
anonymous_enable=NO //关闭匿名用户
Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
# When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool ftp_home_dir
local_enable=YES //是否允许本地系统用户访问
Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES //启用任何形式的写入权限,(如上传,删除文件等)都需要开启此项
efault umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022,
# if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd‘s)
local_umask=022 //设置本地用户所上传文件的默认权限掩码值;
#
# Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only
# has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will
# obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
# When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool allow_ftpd_anon_write, allow_ftpd_full_access
anon_upload_enable=YES //是否允许匿名上传文件
#
# Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create
# new directories.
anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES //是否允许匿名用户有创建目录的写入权限
#
# Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES //目录消息(在目录下切换时会提醒,在目录新建一个(.message文件)在里面填写提示的内容)
#
# Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
xferlog_enable=YES //激活上载/下载的日志记录。
#
# Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data).
connect_from_port_20=YES //确保端口传输连接来自端口20(FTP数据)。
#
# If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by
# a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not
# recommended!
chown_uploads=YES //是否改变上传文件的属主,改变谁呢,统一改变whoever用户,和下面选项关联
chown_username=whoever //改变上传的属主
#
# You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is shown
# below.
xferlog_file=/var/log/xferlog //启用xferlog日志,默认记录到:/var/log/xferlog
#
# If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog format.
# Note that the default log file location is /var/log/xferlog in this case.
xferlog_std_format=YES //启用标准的xferlog日志格式,若禁用此项,将使用vsftpd自己的日志格式;
#
# You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
idle_session_timeout=600 //更改超时会话超时的默认值。
#
# You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
data_connection_timeout=120 //您可以更改用于超时数据连接的默认值。
#
# It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the
# ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
nopriv_user=ftpsecure 运行 vsftpd 需要的非特权系统用户,缺省是nobody
# Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not
# recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
# however, may confuse older FTP clients.
#async_abor_enable=YES
#
# By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore
# the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII
# mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
# Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service
# attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd
# predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the
# raw file.
# ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol.
#ascii_upload_enable=YES //是否支持文本支持上传
#ascii_download_enable=YES //是否支持文本支持下载
#
# You may fully customise the login banner string:
#ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service. //用户第一次登陆时显示欢迎信息
#
# You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently
# useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
#deny_email_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd/banned_emails
#
# You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home
# directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of
# users to NOT chroot().
# (Warning! chroot‘ing can be very dangerous. If using chroot, make sure that
# the user does not have write access to the top level directory within the
# chroot)
chroot_local_user=YES //是否将FTP本地用户禁锢在宿主目录中;
chroot_list_enable=YES //
# (default follows)
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list //锁定一下文件路径的加目录中;
#
# You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by
# default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large
# sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume
# the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it.
#ls_recurse_enable=YES
#
# When "listen" directive is enabled, vsftpd runs in standalone mode and
# listens on IPv4 sockets. This directive cannot be used in conjunction
# with the listen_ipv6 directive.
listen=NO //是否以独立的运行的方式监听服务;
#
# This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. By default, listening
# on the IPv6 "any" address (::) will accept connections from both IPv6
# and IPv4 clients. It is not necessary to listen on *both* IPv4 and IPv6
# sockets. If you want that (perhaps because you want to listen on specific
# addresses) then you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration
# files.
# Make sure, that one of the listen options is commented !!
listen_ipv6=YES
pam_service_name=vsftpd //vsftpd使用pam完成用户认证
userlist_enable=YES //是否启用控制用户登陆列表文件;:/etc/vsftpd/user_list;
userlist_deny=YES|NO //路径为:/etc/vsftpd/user_list;
tcp_wrappers=YES
自定义添加:
连接限制:
max_clients:最大并发连接数;
max_per_ip:每个IP可同时发起的并发请求数;
传输速率:
anon_max_rate:匿名用户的最大传输速率,单位是“字节”
local_max_rate:本地用户的最大传输速率,单位是“字节”
虚拟用户:
所以的虚拟用户会被统一映射为一个指定的系统账号,访问的共享位置既为此系统账号的家目录;
各虚拟用户可以被赋予不同的访问权限;通过匿名用户的权限控制参数进行指定;
虚拟用户账号的存储方式:
文件:编辑文件指定,奇数行为用户名,偶数为行的密码; 此文件需要被编码为hash格式;
关系型数据库众的表中:既时查询数据库完成用户认证; mysql库:pam要依赖与pam-mysql, yum -y install pam_mysql
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实验:
一::开放匿名用户配置,并启动vsftpd服务;
anonymous_enable=yes //允许匿名用户访问
local_enable=YES //若不需要启用本地用户,可将此项设为NO;
write_enable=YES //开放服务器的写权限
anon_umask=022 //设置匿名用户上传数据的权限掩码
anon_upload_enable=YES //允许匿名上传文件
anon_upload_write_enable=YES //允许匿名用户创建目录
关闭匿名访问:anonymous_enable=NO,此时重启服务在此刷新则需要用户名和密码验证;
2:测试匿名FTP服务器;
[root@localhost pub]# yum -y install ftp
[root@localhost pub]# ftp 192.168.214.140
Connected to 192.168.214.140 (192.168.214.140).
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)
Name (192.168.214.140:root): ftp
331 Please specify the password.
Password: //默认密码为空
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls //查看ftp服务器众的内容
227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,214,140,210,168).
150 Here comes the directory listing.
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 19 Dec 10 09:42 pub
226 Directory send OK.
可以在/var/ftp/新建一个目录;
给权限:setfacl -m u:root:rwx upload
在配置文件中修改或添加:anon_ohter_write_enable=YES 才可以进行删除;
在进行测试:
ftp> lcd /opt //将本地目录切换到/opt
ftp> get vsftpdconf.tar.gz //将文件下载到本地(/opt/目录)
ftp> cd put //将ftp目录切换到/pub
ftp> put install.log //将文件上传到服务器(pub/目录)
ftp> ls //查看所上传文件的权限
ftp> quit //断开ftp链接并退出
二:vsftpd的用户验证
1:配置本地用户验证
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
local_enable=YES
write_enabl=YES
local_umask=022
chroot_local_user=YES
2:使用user_list用户列表
当vsftpd服务器开放了“local_enable”配置以后,默认情况下所以的系统服务用户都可以登陆到次FTP服务器,若只希望对一小部分用户开放FTP服务,则需要开放用户列表控制的相关配置,其中主要包含userlist_enable,userlist_deny,例如:执行一下操作后vsftpd服务器将只允许laya,vanko,hunter三个用户登陆。
[root@localhost vsftpd]# vim /etc/vsftpd/user_list
laya
vanko
hunter
[root@localhost vsftpd]# vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
userlist_enable=YES
userlist_deny=NO
systemctl restart vsftpd.service
就可以测试验证了:
ftp://192.168.214.140
这时会报错:
vsftpd : 500 OOPS: vsftpd: refusing to run with writable root inside chroot ()
解决方法:[root@localhost vsftpd]# vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
allow_writeable_chroot=YESsystemctl restart vsftpd.service
这时使用账户就可以访问了,使用其他用户则拒绝登陆;
其他:
前两小结中分别做了学习匿名访问,用户验证的FTP服务器基本配置,除此以为还用一下其他的常用配置,许需要我们有一定的了解
1:修改vsftpd服务的监听地址,端口
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftp.conf
listen=YES //允许独立监听服务 listen_address=192.168.4.11 //只在一个接口监听服务 listen_port=2121 //监听端口为2121[root@localhost vsftpd]# service restart vsftpd[root@localhost vsftpd]#netstat -anpt | grep vsftpd2:允许使用FTP服务器的被动模式vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftp.conf pasv_enable=YES //允许被动模式连接
pasv_min_port=24500 //指定被动模式下限端口
pasv_max_port=24600 //指定被动模式的上限端口
[root@localhost vsftpd]# service restart vsftpd
3:限制FTP连接的并发数,传输速度
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftp.conf
max_client=20 //限制并发客户端连接最多20个
max_per_ip=2 //限制每个IP地址的连接数最多2个
anan_max_rate=50000 //限制匿名用户传输速度为50kB/s
local_max_rate=200000 //限制本地用户传输速率为200kB/s
[root@localhost vsftpd]# service restart vsftpd
三:基于虚拟用户的FTP服务
1:创建文本格式的用户名称,密码列表
[root@localhost vsftpd]# vim /etc/vsftpd/vusers.list
mike
123
john
456
2:创建Berkeley DB格式的数据库文件
[root@localhost vsftpd]# cd /etc/vsftpd/
[root@localhost vsftpd]# db_load -T -t hash -f vusers.list vusers.db
[root@localhost vsftpd]# file vusers.db
vusers.db: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)[root@localhost vsftpd]# chmod 600 /etc/vsftpd/vusers.*
[root@localhost vsftpd]# ls -lh /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.*
-rw-------. 1 root root 5.0K 12月 12 21:05 /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
-rw-------. 1 root root 5.0K 12月 12 20:44 /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf.bak
3:添加虚拟用户的映射账号,创建FTP根目录
[root@localhost vsftpd]# useradd -d /var/ftproot -s /sbin/nologin virtual
[root@localhost vsftpd]# chmod 755 /var/ftproot/
4:为vsftpd服务添加虚拟用户支持
1:为虚拟用户建立PAM认证文件
vim /etc/pam.d/vsftpd.vu
#%PAM-1.0
auth required pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vusers
account required pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vusers
2:修改vsftpd配置,添加虚拟用户支持
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
anonymous_enable=NO
local_enable=YES
wirte_enable=YES
anon_umask=022
guest_enable=YES
guest_username=virtual
pam_service_name=vsftpd.vu
3:为不同的虚拟用户建立独立的配置文件
vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
user_config_dir=/etc/vsftpd/vusers_dir
[root@localhost vsftpd]# mkdir /etc/vsftpd/vusers_dir
[root@localhost vsftpd]# cd /etc/vsftpd/vusers_dir/
[root@localhost vusers_dir]# vim john
anon_upload_enable=YES
anon_mkdir_write=YES
[root@localhost vusers_dir]# touch mike
[root@localhost vusers_dir]# systemctl restart vsftpd.service
?:mike用户可以登陆,并能够正常浏览,下载文件,但不能上传文件。
?:john用户可以登陆,且能够正常流量,下载文件,也可以上传文件。
?:Linux主机的系统用户将无法登陆;
userlist_deny=NO