首先，我们必须明确，在这四种角色登录网站，看到页面是不同，这里不仅涉及到后端的权限控制，还涉及到前端页面的布局，区分好这些角色看的东西哪些是相同的，哪些又是不同的呢，这个必须在这里想明白，所以要做好页面布局
页面布局，去到bootstrap中文网，寻找适合自己的布局实例，然后右击保存页面下载代码，copy代码到自己的项目，然后删删改改，当然完全可以自己用boottrap进行页面布局也是可以的，主要看你是否要求对前端精深，时刻明确自己的目的，学会借力打力，这样做才有效率，否则事事亲力亲为，尤其是在技术更新迭代如此快的时代，难免会让自己陷入一种不进则退的尴尬境地，把自己定位为一个代码整合者或者是技术整合者，也是一个不失水准的定位，所以我们在这个项目中，直接copy实例代码，封面如下：
目录架构
在目录架构上，主要是模板渲染和静态文件分类，至于静态文件分类呢，之前图片和css和js什么的，就不用多说了，主要是plugins，放啥呢，放一些前端插件，另外一个就是模板渲染了，为了更好的管理前端代码，肯定是要用到母版继承的，其中base.html主要放一些连接css文件和js文件的静态数据，而其body部分由子版index.html继承，而继承index.html也只定义为页面公用功能部分（菜单）
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh-CN"><head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <!-- 上述3个meta标签*必须*放在最前面，任何其他内容都*必须*跟随其后！ --> <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="author" content=""> <!--<link rel="icon" href="https://v3.bootcss.com/favicon.ico">--> <title>Perfect CRM</title> <!-- Bootstrap core CSS --> <link href="/static/css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet"> <!-- IE10 viewport hack for Surface/desktop Windows 8 bug --> <link href="/static/css/ie10-viewport-bug-workaround.css" rel="stylesheet"> <!-- Custom styles for this template --> <link href="/static/css/dashboard.css" rel="stylesheet"> <!-- Just for debugging purposes. Don‘t actually copy these 2 lines! --> <!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/static/js/ie8-responsive-file-warning.js"></script><![endif]--> <script src="/static/js/ie-emulation-modes-warning.js"></script> </head> {% block body %} {% endblock %} <!-- Bootstrap core JavaScript ================================================== --> <!-- Placed at the end of the document so the pages load faster --> <script src="/static/js/jquery.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write(‘<script src="../../assets/js/vendor/jquery.min.js"><\/script>‘)</script> <script src="/static/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <!-- Just to make our placeholder images work. Don‘t actually copy the next line! --> <script src="/static/js/holder.js"></script> <!-- IE10 viewport hack for Surface/desktop Windows 8 bug --> <script src="/static/js/ie10-viewport-bug-workaround.js"></script> </html>
{% extends ‘base.html ‘%}
{% block body %}
<body>
<nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="navbar-header">
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="#">Project name</a>
</div>
<div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li><a href="#">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Settings</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Profile</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Help</a></li>
</ul>
<form class="navbar-form navbar-right">
<input class="form-control" placeholder="Search..." type="text">
</form>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-3 col-md-2 sidebar">
<ul class="nav nav-sidebar">
<li class="active"><a href="#">Overview <span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="#">Reports</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Analytics</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Export</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="nav nav-sidebar">
<li><a href="">Nav item</a></li>
<li><a href="">Nav item again</a></li>
<li><a href="">One more nav</a></li>
<li><a href="">Another nav item</a></li>
<li><a href="">More navigation</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="nav nav-sidebar">
<li><a href="">Nav item again</a></li>
<li><a href="">One more nav</a></li>
<li><a href="">Another nav item</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-9 col-sm-offset-3 col-md-10 col-md-offset-2 main">
<h1 class="page-header">Dashboard</h1>
<div class="row placeholders">
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="sub-header">Section title</h2>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-striped">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>#</th>
<th>Header</th>
<th>Header</th>
<th>Header</th>
<th>Header</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1,001</td>
<td>Lorem</td>
<td>ipsum</td>
<td>dolor</td>
<td>sit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,002</td>
<td>amet</td>
<td>consectetur</td>
<td>adipiscing</td>
<td>elit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,003</td>
<td>Integer</td>
<td>nec</td>
<td>odio</td>
<td>Praesent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,003</td>
<td>libero</td>
<td>Sed</td>
<td>cursus</td>
<td>ante</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,004</td>
<td>dapibus</td>
<td>diam</td>
<td>Sed</td>
<td>nisi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,005</td>
<td>Nulla</td>
<td>quis</td>
<td>sem</td>
<td>at</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,006</td>
<td>nibh</td>
<td>elementum</td>
<td>imperdiet</td>
<td>Duis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,007</td>
<td>sagittis</td>
<td>ipsum</td>
<td>Praesent</td>
<td>mauris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,008</td>
<td>Fusce</td>
<td>nec</td>
<td>tellus</td>
<td>sed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,009</td>
<td>augue</td>
<td>semper</td>
<td>porta</td>
<td>Mauris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,010</td>
<td>massa</td>
<td>Vestibulum</td>
<td>lacinia</td>
<td>arcu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,011</td>
<td>eget</td>
<td>nulla</td>
<td>Class</td>
<td>aptent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,012</td>
<td>taciti</td>
<td>sociosqu</td>
<td>ad</td>
<td>litora</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,013</td>
<td>torquent</td>
<td>per</td>
<td>conubia</td>
<td>nostra</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,014</td>
<td>per</td>
<td>inceptos</td>
<td>himenaeos</td>
<td>Curabitur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,015</td>
<td>sodales</td>
<td>ligula</td>
<td>in</td>
<td>libero</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
{% endblock %}
from django.conf.urls import url,include from django.contrib import admin urlpatterns = [ url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls), url(r‘^crm/‘, include(‘app01.urls‘)), # url(r‘^test/‘, views.test), ]
动态菜单
要想实现不同角色用户看到菜单项是不一样的，那这里就要实现动态菜单了，那你怎么让它动起来呢，要想知道这个问题的答案，你就必须想清楚这个问题：依据什么动？角色？这个没错，但是你要想登录网站的是角色吗？不是吧，是用户，对，就是用户，用户再绑定某些角色，所以这里我们要依据用户来动，那怎么动呢？首先，我们要获取用户相关信息，然后返回前端，这里就涉及到模板渲染还是js加载，首次页面加载，并且还是页面公共部分，当然首选模板渲染了，另外每个角色加载哪些菜单项，也需要在某个地方进行定义，就在内存了，还是在数据库了？考虑易扩展性以及角色和菜单项之间是多对多的关系，在这里我们就数据库存储菜单关系，所以我们还要增加一张菜单表
class Role(models.Model):
‘‘‘角色表‘‘‘
name = models.CharField(max_length=32, unique=True)
menus = models.ManyToManyField(‘Menu‘,blank=True)
def __unicode__(self):
return self.name
class Meta:
verbose_name_plural = "角色表"
class Menu(models.Model):
‘‘‘菜单‘‘‘
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
url_name = models.CharField(max_length=64) #request url 有别名存别名 没有就存url
def __unicode__(self):
return self.name
class Meta:
verbose_name_plural = ‘菜单表‘
动态路由设计好，那接下来就是把它显示到前端了，你会怎么做了？当然是通过后端ORM查询到用户可以有的菜单项，传到前端，然后通过模板语言for循环渲染就可以了。嗯！这样做没错，你忽略一些小细节，这里还可以更简洁一点--直接在前端查询数据并for循环！你可能有些懵逼了，我们来看是怎么回事？还记得定义用户表时，我们的user字段是直接一对一关联到django自带认证系统的一张表吗？
class UserProfile(models.Model):
‘‘‘账号表‘‘‘
user = models.OneToOneField(User)
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
roles = models.ManyToManyField(‘Role‘, blank=True, null=True)
def __unicode__(self):
return self.name
class Meta:
verbose_name_plural = "账号表"
django是把request直接嵌在了模板里，而request.user指的就是django自带的这张表，就直接在前端调用{{ request.user }}，则显示用户名；既然能在前端调用django自带表，那我们就可以用这张表查询所有的有关用户的信息了，由它查userprofile表是反向查询，一对一反向查询是 表.反向表名（小写）.字段，也就是request.user.userprofile.roles，你看就是这么简单
{% for role in request.user.userprofile.roles.all %}
{% for menu in role.menus.all %}
<li class="active"><a href="{% url menu.url_name %}">{{ menu.name }}<span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a></li>
{% endfor %}
{% endfor %}
{% extends ‘base.html ‘%}
{% block body %}
<body>
<nav class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="navbar-header">
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="#">Perfect CRM</a>
</div>
<!--显示登录用户栏-->
<div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<!--留一个显示用户名-->
<li><a href="#">{{ request.user }}</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row">
<!--左侧栏-->
<div class="col-sm-3 col-md-2 sidebar">
<ul class="nav nav-sidebar">
{% for role in request.user.userprofile.roles.all %}
{% for menu in role.menus.all %}
<li class="active"><a href="{% url menu.url_name %}">{{ menu.name }}<span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a></li>
{% endfor %}
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</div>
<!--接下来是内容区-->
<div class="col-sm-9 col-sm-offset-3 col-md-10 col-md-offset-2 main">
<!--内容圆饼图区-->
{% block page-content %}
<h1 class="page-header">Dashboard</h1>
<div class="row placeholders">
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-3 placeholder">
<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAHd3dwAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="img-responsive" alt="Generic placeholder thumbnail" width="200" height="200">
<h4>Label</h4>
<span class="text-muted">Something else</span>
</div>
</div>
<!--内容详细数据-->
<h2 class="sub-header">Section title</h2>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-striped">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>#</th>
<th>Header</th>
<th>Header</th>
<th>Header</th>
<th>Header</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1,001</td>
<td>Lorem</td>
<td>ipsum</td>
<td>dolor</td>
<td>sit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,002</td>
<td>amet</td>
<td>consectetur</td>
<td>adipiscing</td>
<td>elit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,003</td>
<td>Integer</td>
<td>nec</td>
<td>odio</td>
<td>Praesent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,003</td>
<td>libero</td>
<td>Sed</td>
<td>cursus</td>
<td>ante</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,004</td>
<td>dapibus</td>
<td>diam</td>
<td>Sed</td>
<td>nisi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,005</td>
<td>Nulla</td>
<td>quis</td>
<td>sem</td>
<td>at</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,006</td>
<td>nibh</td>
<td>elementum</td>
<td>imperdiet</td>
<td>Duis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,007</td>
<td>sagittis</td>
<td>ipsum</td>
<td>Praesent</td>
<td>mauris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,008</td>
<td>Fusce</td>
<td>nec</td>
<td>tellus</td>
<td>sed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,009</td>
<td>augue</td>
<td>semper</td>
<td>porta</td>
<td>Mauris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,010</td>
<td>massa</td>
<td>Vestibulum</td>
<td>lacinia</td>
<td>arcu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,011</td>
<td>eget</td>
<td>nulla</td>
<td>Class</td>
<td>aptent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,012</td>
<td>taciti</td>
<td>sociosqu</td>
<td>ad</td>
<td>litora</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,013</td>
<td>torquent</td>
<td>per</td>
<td>conubia</td>
<td>nostra</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,014</td>
<td>per</td>
<td>inceptos</td>
<td>himenaeos</td>
<td>Curabitur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1,015</td>
<td>sodales</td>
<td>ligula</td>
<td>in</td>
<td>libero</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
{% endblock %}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
{% endblock %}
涉及知识点
- 模板继承，母版写入block块，在子版里继承的block块定义自己的代码，子模板的头行用extends 加 继承的母版 {% extends "base.html" %} {% block body %}代码{% endblock %}
- 静态文件路径配置 STATICFILES_DIRS = （os.path.join（BASE_DIR，‘statics’），）
- APP路由分发 为更好的管理各个app路径分发情况，更好的做法就每个app都有自己的路径分发器，所以就要使用到django中include路由分发了，把项目下urls.py复制一份到APP下，然后在项目的urls.py下用include引流到APP下，url(r‘^crm/‘, include(‘app01.urls‘)),
- url别名，在路由分发器中，有个name参数是进行别名的，可用于前端调用，如果url地址有变，通过别名照样能访问对应的视图，当然别名对于正则匹配的动态url，需要给视图传参的，就不起作用了，在前端调用别名时，使用{% url 别名 %}，这样在渲染的时候，就会自动转化成对应的url
- 一对一查询，正向查 表.字段名 反向查 表.对表的表名（小写）.字段名
