负载均衡在服务端开发中算是一个比较重要的特性。因为Nginx除了作为常规的Web服务器外,还会被大规模的用于反向代理前端,因为Nginx的异步框架可以处理很大的并发请求,把这些并发请求hold住之后就可以分发给后台服务端(backend servers,也叫做服务池, 后面简称backend)来做复杂的计算、处理和响应,这种模式的好处是相当多的:隐藏业务主机更安全,节约了公网IP地址,并且在业务量增加的时候可以方便地扩容后台服务器。
负载均衡可以分为硬件负载均衡和软件负载均衡,前者一般是专用的软件和硬件相结合的设备,设备商会提供完整成熟的解决方案,通常也会更加昂贵。软件的复杂均衡以Nginx占据绝大多数,本文也是基于其手册做相应的学习研究的。
qq.com
为例)[root@zlinux ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/
[root@zlinux vhost]# dig qq.com //dig命令获取IP,没有dig命令,使用‘yum install -y bind-untils’安装
; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-51.el7_4.2 <<>> qq.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 38970
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;qq.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
qq.com. 414 IN A 125.39.240.113
qq.com. 414 IN A 61.135.157.156
;; Query time: 37 msec
;; SERVER: 119.29.29.29#53(119.29.29.29)
;; WHEN: 五 3月 16 22:00:18 CST 2018
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 67
//可以看到两个IP,有两个IP就可以走负载均衡了
[root@zlinux vhost]# vim load.conf //编辑配置文件,增加以下内容
#配置内容
upstream qq
#名字自定义
{
ip_hash;
# 目的:同一个用户保持在同一个服务器上
# 即当域名指向多个IP时,保证每个用户始终解析到同一IP
server 61.135.157.156:80;
server 125.39.240.113:80;
# 指定web服务器的IP
}
server
{
listen 80;
server_name www.qq.com;
location /
{
proxy_pass http://qq;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
}
[root@zlinux vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@zlinux vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
[root@zlinux vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.qq.com -I
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.12.2
Date: Fri, 16 Mar 2018 14:18:04 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=GB2312
Connection: keep-alive
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Expires: Fri, 16 Mar 2018 14:19:04 GMT
Cache-Control: max-age=60
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT from tianjin.qq.com
//这里如果不加-I选项也是200状态码,因为有默认虚拟主机,不过其他提示不一样
测试下不加-I
选项
[root@zlinux vhost]# curl -x127.0.0.1:80 www.qq.com
结果如下图:
注意: Nginx不支持代理https,只能代理http。
SSL(Secure Sockets Layer 安全套接层)协议,及其继任者TLS(Transport Layer Security传输层安全)协议,是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。
1、浏览器发送一个https的请求给服务器;
2、服务器要有一套数字证书,可以自己制作(后面的操作就是用自己制作的证书),也可以向组织申请,区别就是自己颁发的证书需要客户端验证通过,才可以继续访问,而使用受信任的公司申请的证书则不会弹出提示页面,这套证书其实就是一对公钥和私钥;
3、服务器会把公钥传输给客户端;
4、客户端(浏览器)收到公钥后,会验证其是否合法有效,无效会有警告提醒,有效则会生成一串随机数,并用收到的公钥加密;
5、客户端把加密后的随机字符串传输给服务器;
6、服务器收到加密随机字符串后,先用私钥解密(公钥加密,私钥解密),获取到这一串随机数后,再用这串随机字符串加密传输的数据(该加密为对称加密,所谓对称加密,就是将数据和私钥也就是这个随机字符串>通过某种算法混合在一起,这样除非知道私钥,否则无法获取数据内容);
7、服务器把加密后的数据传输给客户端;
8、客户端收到数据(服务端公钥加密)后,再用自己的私钥也就是那个随机字符串解密;
[root@zlinux conf]# openssl genrsa -des3 -out tmp.key 2048 //没有openssl命令,则通过“yum install -y openssl”安装
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
...................................................................................+++
.......................................................................................................................................................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for tmp.key:
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for tmp.key:
//这一步操作是生成key即“私钥”,2048为加密字符长度,会让我们输入密码,不能太短,否者不成功。
[root@zlinux conf]# openssl rsa -in tmp.key -out zlinux.key
Enter pass phrase for tmp.key:
writing RSA key
//把tmp.key转化成zlinux.key,目的是删除刚才设置的密码,如果不清除密码,后面很不方便
[root@zlinux conf]# rm -f tmp.key
[root@zlinux conf]# openssl req -new -key zlinux.key -out zlinux.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:JS
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:SZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:XXLtd
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:zlinux.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:ZZ
Email Address []:a@a.com
Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:zzz123456
An optional company name []:z
//生成证书请求文件,key文件和csr文件生成最终的公钥文件。Common Name为后面配置Nginx配置文件server_name
[root@zlinux conf]# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in zlinux.csr -signkey zlinux.key -out zlinux.crt
Signature ok
subject=/C=CN/ST=JS/L=C/O=C/OU=C/CN=zlinux.com/emailAddress=z
Getting Private key
[root@zlinux conf]# ls |grep zlinux
zlinux.crt
zlinux.csr
zlinux.key
//最终生成crt证书,也就是公钥
[root@zlinux vhost]# vim ssl.conf //写入以下内容
server
{
listen 443;
server_name zlinux.com;
index index.html index.php;
root /data/wwwroot/ssltest;
ssl on;
ssl_certificate zlinux.crt;
ssl_certificate_key zlinux.key;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
}
[root@zlinux vhost]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
nginx: [emerg] unknown directive "ssl" in /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhost/ssl.conf:7
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test failed
这说明当前Nginx并不支持SSL,因为之前Nginx编译时并没有配置支持SSL的参数,所以需要重新编译一次,加上SSL参数:
[root@zlinux vhost]# cd /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2
[root@zlinux nginx-1.12.2]# ./configure --help |grep -i ssl
--with-http_ssl_module enable ngx_http_ssl_module
--with-mail_ssl_module enable ngx_mail_ssl_module
--with-stream_ssl_module enable ngx_stream_ssl_module
--with-stream_ssl_preread_module enable ngx_stream_ssl_preread_module
--with-openssl=DIR set path to OpenSSL library sources
--with-openssl-opt=OPTIONS set additional build options for OpenSSL
[root@zlinux nginx-1.12.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module
[root@zlinux nginx-1.12.2]# make
[root@zlinux nginx-1.12.2]#make install
[root@zlinux nginx-1.12.2]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t //重新检查
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@zlinux nginx-1.12.2]# /etc/init.d/nginx restart
在window的hosts文件中添加:192.168.242.128 zlinux.com
[root@zlinux vhost]# mkdir /data/wwwroot/ssltest
[root@zlinux vhost]# echo "ssl test" > /data/wwwroot/ssltest/index.html
在浏览器中输入https://zlinux.com
,显示如下图:
原文地址:http://blog.51cto.com/3069201/2087801