一，Django中操作cookie
1，获取cookie
request.COOKIES[‘key‘] request.get_signed_cookie(key, default=RAISE_ERROR, salt=‘‘, max_age=None)
参数：
- default: 默认值
- salt: 加密盐
- max_age: 后台控制过期时间
2，设置cookie
rep = HttpResponse(...) rep ＝ render(request, ...) rep.set_cookie(key,value,...) rep.set_signed_cookie(key,value,salt=‘加密盐‘,...)
参数：
- key, 键
- value=‘‘, 值
- max_age=None, 超时时间
- expires=None, 超时时间(IE requires expires, so set it if hasn‘t been already.)
- path=‘/‘, Cookie生效的路径，/ 表示根路径，特殊的：根路径的cookie可以被任何url的页面访问
- domain=None, Cookie生效的域名
- secure=False, https传输
- httponly=False 只能http协议传输，无法被JavaScript获取（不是绝对，底层抓包可以获取到也可以被覆盖
3，删除cookie
def logout(request): rep = redirect("/login/") rep.delete_cookie("user") # 删除用户浏览器上之前设置的usercookie值 return rep
def check_login(func): @wraps(func) def inner(request, *args, **kwargs): next_url = request.get_full_path() if request.get_signed_cookie("login", salt="SSS", default=None) == "yes": # 已经登录的用户... return func(request, *args, **kwargs) else: # 没有登录的用户，跳转刚到登录页面 return redirect("/login/?next={}".format(next_url)) return inner def login(request): if request.method == "POST": username = request.POST.get("username") passwd = request.POST.get("password") if username == "xxx" and passwd == "dashabi": next_url = request.GET.get("next") if next_url and next_url != "/logout/": response = redirect(next_url) else: response = redirect("/class_list/") response.set_signed_cookie("login", "yes", salt="SSS") return response return render(request, "login.html") cookie版登录
二、Django中Session相关方法
def index(request): # 获取、设置、删除Session中数据 request.session[‘k1‘] request.session.get(‘k1‘,None) request.session[‘k1‘] = 123 request.session.setdefault(‘k1‘,123) # 存在则不设置 del request.session[‘k1‘] # 所有 键、值、键值对 request.session.keys() request.session.values() request.session.items() request.session.iterkeys() request.session.itervalues() request.session.iteritems() # 用户session的随机字符串 request.session.session_key # 将所有Session失效日期小于当前日期的数据删除 request.session.clear_expired() # 检查 用户session的随机字符串 在数据库中是否 request.session.exists("session_key") # 删除当前用户的所有Session数据 request.session.delete() request.session.set_expiry(value) * 如果value是个整数，session会在些秒数后失效。 * 如果value是个datatime或timedelta，session就会在这个时间后失效。 * 如果value是0,用户关闭浏览器session就会失效。 * 如果value是None,session会依赖全局session失效策略。
session版登录验证
from functools import wraps def check_login(func): @wraps(func) def inner(request, *args, **kwargs): next_url = request.get_full_path() if request.session.get("user"): return func(request, *args, **kwargs) else: return redirect("/login/?next={}".format(next_url)) return inner def login(request): if request.method == "POST": user = request.POST.get("user") pwd = request.POST.get("pwd") if user == "alex" and pwd == "alex1234": # 设置session request.session["user"] = user # 获取跳到登陆页面之前的URL next_url = request.GET.get("next") # 如果有，就跳转回登陆之前的URL if next_url: return redirect(next_url) # 否则默认跳转到index页面 else: return redirect("/index/") return render(request, "login.html") @check_login def logout(request): # 删除所有当前请求相关的session request.session.delete() return redirect("/login/") @check_login def index(request): current_user = request.session.get("user", None) return render(request, "index.html", {"user": current_user}) Session版登录验证
2，Django中的session配置
Django中默认支持Session，其内部提供了5种类型的Session供开发者使用。
1. 数据库Session SESSION_ENGINE = ‘django.contrib.sessions.backends.db‘ # 引擎（默认） 2. 缓存Session SESSION_ENGINE = ‘django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache‘ # 引擎 SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = ‘default‘ # 使用的缓存别名（默认内存缓存，也可以是memcache），此处别名依赖缓存的设置 3. 文件Session SESSION_ENGINE = ‘django.contrib.sessions.backends.file‘ # 引擎 SESSION_FILE_PATH = None # 缓存文件路径，如果为None，则使用tempfile模块获取一个临时地址tempfile.gettempdir() 4. 缓存+数据库 SESSION_ENGINE = ‘django.contrib.sessions.backends.cached_db‘ # 引擎 5. 加密Cookie Session SESSION_ENGINE = ‘django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies‘ # 引擎 其他公用设置项： SESSION_COOKIE_NAME ＝ "sessionid" # Session的cookie保存在浏览器上时的key，即：sessionid＝随机字符串（默认） SESSION_COOKIE_PATH ＝ "/" # Session的cookie保存的路径（默认） SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None # Session的cookie保存的域名（默认） SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = False # 是否Https传输cookie（默认） SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True # 是否Session的cookie只支持http传输（默认） SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 1209600 # Session的cookie失效日期（2周）（默认） SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = False # 是否关闭浏览器使得Session过期（默认） SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = False # 是否每次请求都保存Session，默认修改之后才保存（默认）
3，CBV中加装饰器
class LoginView(View): def get(self, request): """ 处理GET请求 """ return render(request, ‘login.html‘) def post(self, request): """ 处理POST请求 """ user = request.POST.get(‘user‘) pwd = request.POST.get(‘pwd‘) if user == ‘alex‘ and pwd == "alex1234": next_url = request.GET.get("next") # 生成随机字符串 # 写浏览器cookie -> session_id: 随机字符串 # 写到服务端session： # { # "随机字符串": {‘user‘:‘alex‘} # } request.session[‘user‘] = user if next_url: return redirect(next_url) else: return redirect(‘/index/‘) return render(request, ‘login.html‘)
要在CBV视图中使用我们上面的check_login装饰器，有以下三种方式：
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
1. 加在CBV视图的get或post方法上
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator class HomeView(View): def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return super(HomeView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) def get(self, request): return render(request, "home.html") @method_decorator(check_login) def post(self, request): print("Home View POST method...") return redirect("/index/")
2. 加在dispatch方法上
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator class HomeView(View): @method_decorator(check_login) def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): return super(HomeView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) def get(self, request): return render(request, "home.html") def post(self, request): print("Home View POST method...") return redirect("/index/")
因为CBV中首先执行的就是dispatch方法，所以这么写相当于给get和post方法都加上了登录校验。
3. 直接加在视图类上，但method_decorator必须传 name 关键字参数
如果get方法和post方法都需要登录校验的话就写两个装饰器。
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
@method_decorator(check_login, name="get")
@method_decorator(check_login, name="post")
class HomeView(View):
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super(HomeView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
def get(self, request):
return render(request, "home.html")
def post(self, request):
print("Home View POST method...")
return redirect("/index/")
4，补充
CSRF Token相关装饰器在CBV只能加到dispatch方法上
备注：
- csrf_protect，为当前函数强制设置防跨站请求伪造功能，即便settings中没有设置全局中间件。
- csrf_exempt，取消当前函数防跨站请求伪造功能，即便settings中设置了全局中间件。
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt, csrf_protect
class HomeView(View):
@method_decorator(csrf_exempt)
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super(HomeView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
def get(self, request):
return render(request, "home.html")
def post(self, request):
print("Home View POST method...")
return redirect("/index/")
三，分页
data = [] for i in range(1, 302): tmp = {"id": i, "name": "alex-{}".format(i)} data.append(tmp) print(data) def user_list(request): # user_list = data[0:10] # user_list = data[10:20] try: current_page = int(request.GET.get("page")) except Exception as e: current_page = 1 per_page = 10 # 数据总条数 total_count = len(data) # 总页码 total_page, more = divmod(total_count, per_page) if more: total_page += 1 # 页面最多显示多少个页码 max_show = 11 half_show = int((max_show-1)/2) if current_page <= half_show: show_start = 1 show_end = max_show else: if current_page + half_show >= total_page: show_start = total_page - max_show show_end = total_page else: show_start = current_page - half_show show_end = current_page + half_show # 数据库中获取数据 data_start = (current_page - 1) * per_page data_end = current_page * per_page user_list = data[data_start:data_end] # 生成页面上显示的页码 page_html_list = [] # 加首页 first_li = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page=1">首页</a></li>‘ page_html_list.append(first_li) # 加上一页 if current_page == 1: prev_li = ‘<li><a href="#">上一页</a></li>‘ else: prev_li = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={}">上一页</a></li>‘.format(current_page - 1) page_html_list.append(prev_li) for i in range(show_start, show_end+1): if i == current_page: li_tag = ‘<li class="active"><a href="/user_list/?page={0}">{0}</a></li>‘.format(i) else: li_tag = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={0}">{0}</a></li>‘.format(i) page_html_list.append(li_tag) # 加下一页 if current_page == total_page: next_li = ‘<li><a href="#">下一页</a></li>‘ else: next_li = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={}">下一页</a></li>‘.format(current_page+1) page_html_list.append(next_li) # 加尾页 page_end_li = ‘<li><a href="/user_list/?page={}">尾页</a></li>‘.format(total_page) page_html_list.append(page_end_li) page_html = "".join(page_html_list) return render(request, "user_list.html", {"user_list": user_list, "page_html": page_html})
class Pagination(object): def __init__(self, current_page, total_count, base_url, per_page=10, max_show=11): """ :param current_page: 当前页 :param total_count: 数据库中数据总数 :param per_page: 每页显示多少条数据 :param max_show: 最多显示多少页 """ try: current_page = int(current_page) except Exception as e: current_page = 1 self.current_page = current_page self.total_count = total_count self.base_url = base_url self.per_page = per_page self.max_show = max_show # 总页码 total_page, more = divmod(total_count, per_page) if more: total_page += 1 half_show = int((max_show - 1) / 2) self.half_show = half_show self.total_page = total_page @property def start(self): return (self.current_page - 1) * self.per_page @property def end(self): return self.current_page * self.per_page def page_html(self): if self.current_page <= self.half_show: show_start = 1 show_end = self.max_show else: if self.current_page + self.half_show >= self.total_page: show_start = self.total_page - self.max_show show_end = self.total_page else: show_start = self.current_page - self.half_show show_end = self.current_page + self.half_show # 生成页面上显示的页码 page_html_list = [] # 加首页 first_li = ‘<li><a href="{}?page=1">首页</a></li>‘.format(self.base_url) page_html_list.append(first_li) # 加上一页 if self.current_page == 1: prev_li = ‘<li><a href="#">上一页</a></li>‘ else: prev_li = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">上一页</a></li>‘.format(self.base_url, self.current_page - 1) page_html_list.append(prev_li) for i in range(show_start, show_end + 1): if i == self.current_page: li_tag = ‘<li class="active"><a href="{0}?page={1}">{1}</a></li>‘.format(self.base_url, i) else: li_tag = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">{1}</a></li>‘.format(self.base_url, i) page_html_list.append(li_tag) # 加下一页 if self.current_page == self.total_page: next_li = ‘<li><a href="#">下一页</a></li>‘ else: next_li = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">下一页</a></li>‘.format(self.base_url, self.current_page + 1) page_html_list.append(next_li) # 加尾页 page_end_li = ‘<li><a href="{0}?page={1}">尾页</a></li>‘.format(self.base_url, self.total_page) page_html_list.append(page_end_li) return "".join(page_html_list)
使用：
def user_list(request):
pager = Pagination(request.GET.get("page"), len(data), request.path_info)
user_list = data[pager.start:pager.end]
page_html = pager.page_html()
return render(request, "user_list.html", {"user_list": user_list, "page_html": page_html})
