Scrapy基础

#1、执行全局命令：请确保不在某个项目的目录下，排除受该项目配置的影响
scrapy startproject MyProject

cd MyProject
scrapy genspider baidu www.baidu.com

scrapy settings --get XXX #如果切换到项目目录下，看到的则是该项目的配置

scrapy runspider baidu.py

scrapy shell https://www.baidu.com
    response
    response.status
    response.body
    view(response)
    
scrapy view https://www.taobao.com #如果页面显示内容不全，不全的内容则是ajax请求实现的，以此快速定位问题

scrapy fetch --nolog --headers https://www.taobao.com

scrapy version #scrapy的版本

scrapy version -v #依赖库的版本


#2、执行项目命令：切到项目目录下
scrapy crawl baidu
scrapy check
scrapy list
scrapy parse http://quotes.toscrape.com/ --callback parse
scrapy bench
    

project_name/
   scrapy.cfg
   project_name/
       __init__.py
       items.py
       pipelines.py
       settings.py
       spiders/
           __init__.py
           爬虫1.py
           爬虫2.py
           爬虫3.py

#在项目目录下新建：entrypoint.py
from scrapy.cmdline import execute
execute([‘scrapy‘, ‘crawl‘, ‘xiaohua‘])

import sys,os
sys.stdout=io.TextIOWrapper(sys.stdout.buffer,encoding=‘gb18030‘)

#1、name = ‘amazon‘ 
定义爬虫名，scrapy会根据该值定位爬虫程序
所以它必须要有且必须唯一（In Python 2 this must be ASCII only.）

#2、allowed_domains = [‘www.amazon.cn‘] 
定义允许爬取的域名，如果OffsiteMiddleware启动（默认就启动），
那么不属于该列表的域名及其子域名都不允许爬取
如果爬取的网址为：https://www.example.com/1.html，那就添加‘example.com‘到列表.

#3、start_urls = [‘http://www.amazon.cn/‘]
如果没有指定url，就从该列表中读取url来生成第一个请求

#4、custom_settings
值为一个字典，定义一些配置信息，在运行爬虫程序时，这些配置会覆盖项目级别的配置
所以custom_settings必须被定义成一个类属性，由于settings会在类实例化前被加载

#5、settings
通过self.settings[‘配置项的名字‘]可以访问settings.py中的配置，如果自己定义了custom_settings还是以自己的为准

#6、logger
日志名默认为spider的名字
self.logger.debug(‘=============>%s‘ %self.settings[‘BOT_NAME‘])

#5、crawler：了解
该属性必须被定义到类方法from_crawler中

#6、from_crawler(crawler, *args, **kwargs)：了解
You probably won’t need to override this directly  because the default implementation acts as a proxy to the __init__() method, calling it with the given arguments args and named arguments kwargs.

#7、start_requests()
该方法用来发起第一个Requests请求，且必须返回一个可迭代的对象。它在爬虫程序打开时就被Scrapy调用，Scrapy只调用它一次。
默认从start_urls里取出每个url来生成Request(url, dont_filter=True)

#针对参数dont_filter,请看自定义去重规则

如果你想要改变起始爬取的Requests，你就需要覆盖这个方法，例如你想要起始发送一个POST请求，如下
class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = ‘myspider‘

    def start_requests(self):
        return [scrapy.FormRequest("http://www.example.com/login",
                                   formdata={‘user‘: ‘john‘, ‘pass‘: ‘secret‘},
                                   callback=self.logged_in)]

    def logged_in(self, response):
        # here you would extract links to follow and return Requests for
        # each of them, with another callback
        pass
        
#8、parse(response)
这是默认的回调函数，所有的回调函数必须返回an iterable of Request and/or dicts or Item objects.

#9、log(message[, level, component])：了解
Wrapper that sends a log message through the Spider’s logger, kept for backwards compatibility. For more information see Logging from Spiders.

#10、closed(reason)
爬虫程序结束时自动触发

定制scrapy.spider属性与方法详解

去重规则应该多个爬虫共享的，但凡一个爬虫爬取了，其他都不要爬了，实现方式如下

#方法一：
1、新增类属性
visited=set() #类属性

2、回调函数parse方法内：
def parse(self, response):
    if response.url in self.visited:
        return None
    .......

    self.visited.add(response.url) 

#方法一改进：针对url可能过长，所以我们存放url的hash值
def parse(self, response):
        url=md5(response.request.url)
    if url in self.visited:
        return None
    .......

    self.visited.add(url) 

#方法二：Scrapy自带去重功能
配置文件：
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = ‘scrapy.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter‘ #默认的去重规则帮我们去重，去重规则在内存中
DUPEFILTER_DEBUG = False
JOBDIR = "保存范文记录的日志路径，如：/root/"  # 最终路径为 /root/requests.seen，去重规则放文件中

scrapy自带去重规则默认为RFPDupeFilter，只需要我们指定
Request(...,dont_filter=False) ，如果dont_filter=True则告诉Scrapy这个URL不参与去重。

#方法三：
我们也可以仿照RFPDupeFilter自定义去重规则，

from scrapy.dupefilter import RFPDupeFilter，看源码，仿照BaseDupeFilter

#步骤一：在项目目录下自定义去重文件dup.py
class UrlFilter(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.visited = set() #或者放到数据库

    @classmethod
    def from_settings(cls, settings):
        return cls()

    def request_seen(self, request):
        if request.url in self.visited:
            return True
        self.visited.add(request.url)

    def open(self):  # can return deferred
        pass

    def close(self, reason):  # can return a deferred
        pass

    def log(self, request, spider):  # log that a request has been filtered
        pass

#步骤二：配置文件settings.py：
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = ‘项目名.dup.UrlFilter‘


# 源码分析：
from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler
见Scheduler下的enqueue_request方法：self.df.request_seen(request)

#例一：
import scrapy

class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = ‘example.com‘
    allowed_domains = [‘example.com‘]
    start_urls = [
        ‘http://www.example.com/1.html‘,
        ‘http://www.example.com/2.html‘,
        ‘http://www.example.com/3.html‘,
    ]

    def parse(self, response):
        self.logger.info(‘A response from %s just arrived!‘, response.url)
        
    
#例二：一个回调函数返回多个Requests和Items
import scrapy

class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = ‘example.com‘
    allowed_domains = [‘example.com‘]
    start_urls = [
        ‘http://www.example.com/1.html‘,
        ‘http://www.example.com/2.html‘,
        ‘http://www.example.com/3.html‘,
    ]

    def parse(self, response):
        for h3 in response.xpath(‘//h3‘).extract():
            yield {"title": h3}

        for url in response.xpath(‘//a/@href‘).extract():
            yield scrapy.Request(url, callback=self.parse)
            
            
#例三：在start_requests()内直接指定起始爬取的urls，start_urls就没有用了，

import scrapy
from myproject.items import MyItem

class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = ‘example.com‘
    allowed_domains = [‘example.com‘]

    def start_requests(self):
        yield scrapy.Request(‘http://www.example.com/1.html‘, self.parse)
        yield scrapy.Request(‘http://www.example.com/2.html‘, self.parse)
        yield scrapy.Request(‘http://www.example.com/3.html‘, self.parse)

    def parse(self, response):
        for h3 in response.xpath(‘//h3‘).extract():
            yield MyItem(title=h3)

        for url in response.xpath(‘//a/@href‘).extract():
            yield scrapy.Request(url, callback=self.parse)

我们可能需要在命令行为爬虫程序传递参数，比如传递初始的url，像这样
#命令行执行
scrapy crawl myspider -a category=electronics

#在__init__方法中可以接收外部传进来的参数
import scrapy

class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = ‘myspider‘

    def __init__(self, category=None, *args, **kwargs):
        super(MySpider, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.start_urls = [‘http://www.example.com/categories/%s‘ % category]
        #...

        
#注意接收的参数全都是字符串，如果想要结构化的数据，你需要用类似json.loads的方法

response.selector.css()
response.selector.xpath()
可简写为
response.css()
response.xpath()

#1 //与/
response.xpath(‘//body/a/‘)#
response.css(‘div a::text‘)

>>> response.xpath(‘//body/a‘) #开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的/代表body的儿子
[]
>>> response.xpath(‘//body//a‘) #开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的//代表body的子子孙孙
[<Selector xpath=‘//body//a‘ data=‘<a href="image1.html">Name: My image 1 <‘>, <Selector xpath=‘//body//a‘ data=‘<a href="image2.html">Name: My image 2 <‘>, <Selector xpath=‘//body//a‘ data=‘<a href="
image3.html">Name: My image 3 <‘>, <Selector xpath=‘//body//a‘ data=‘<a href="image4.html">Name: My image 4 <‘>, <Selector xpath=‘//body//a‘ data=‘<a href="image5.html">Name: My image 5 <‘>]

#2 text
>>> response.xpath(‘//body//a/text()‘)
>>> response.css(‘body a::text‘)

#3、extract与extract_first:从selector对象中解出内容
>>> response.xpath(‘//div/a/text()‘).extract()
[‘Name: My image 1 ‘, ‘Name: My image 2 ‘, ‘Name: My image 3 ‘, ‘Name: My image 4 ‘, ‘Name: My image 5 ‘]
>>> response.css(‘div a::text‘).extract()
[‘Name: My image 1 ‘, ‘Name: My image 2 ‘, ‘Name: My image 3 ‘, ‘Name: My image 4 ‘, ‘Name: My image 5 ‘]

>>> response.xpath(‘//div/a/text()‘).extract_first()
‘Name: My image 1 ‘
>>> response.css(‘div a::text‘).extract_first()
‘Name: My image 1 ‘

#4、属性：xpath的属性加前缀@
>>> response.xpath(‘//div/a/@href‘).extract_first()
‘image1.html‘
>>> response.css(‘div a::attr(href)‘).extract_first()
‘image1.html‘

#4、嵌套查找
>>> response.xpath(‘//div‘).css(‘a‘).xpath(‘@href‘).extract_first()
‘image1.html‘

#5、设置默认值
>>> response.xpath(‘//div[@id="xxx"]‘).extract_first(default="not found")
‘not found‘

#4、按照属性查找
response.xpath(‘//div[@id="images"]/a[@href="image3.html"]/text()‘).extract()
response.css(‘#images a[@href="image3.html"]/text()‘).extract()

#5、按照属性模糊查找
response.xpath(‘//a[contains(@href,"image")]/@href‘).extract()
response.css(‘a[href*="image"]::attr(href)‘).extract()

response.xpath(‘//a[contains(@href,"image")]/img/@src‘).extract()
response.css(‘a[href*="imag"] img::attr(src)‘).extract()

response.xpath(‘//*[@href="image1.html"]‘)
response.css(‘*[href="image1.html"]‘)

#6、正则表达式
response.xpath(‘//a/text()‘).re(r‘Name: (.*)‘)
response.xpath(‘//a/text()‘).re_first(r‘Name: (.*)‘)

#7、xpath相对路径
>>> res=response.xpath(‘//a[contains(@href,"3")]‘)[0]
>>> res.xpath(‘img‘)
[<Selector xpath=‘img‘ data=‘<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">‘>]
>>> res.xpath(‘./img‘)
[<Selector xpath=‘./img‘ data=‘<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">‘>]
>>> res.xpath(‘.//img‘)
[<Selector xpath=‘.//img‘ data=‘<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">‘>]
>>> res.xpath(‘//img‘) #这就是从头开始扫描
[<Selector xpath=‘//img‘ data=‘<img src="image1_thumb.jpg">‘>, <Selector xpath=‘//img‘ data=‘<img src="image2_thumb.jpg">‘>, <Selector xpath=‘//img‘ data=‘<img src="image3_thumb.jpg">‘>, <Selector xpa
th=‘//img‘ data=‘<img src="image4_thumb.jpg">‘>, <Selector xpath=‘//img‘ data=‘<img src="image5_thumb.jpg">‘>]

#8、带变量的xpath
>>> response.xpath(‘//div[@id=$xxx]/a/text()‘,xxx=‘images‘).extract_first()
‘Name: My image 1 ‘
>>> response.xpath(‘//div[count(a)=$yyy]/@id‘,yyy=5).extract_first() #求有5个a标签的div的id
‘images‘

#一：可以写多个Pipeline类
#1、如果优先级高的Pipeline的process_item返回一个值或者None，会自动传给下一个pipline的process_item,
#2、如果只想让第一个Pipeline执行，那得让第一个pipline的process_item抛出异常raise DropItem()

#3、可以用spider.name == ‘爬虫名‘ 来控制哪些爬虫用哪些pipeline

二：示范
from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem

class CustomPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self,v):
        self.value = v

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        """
        Scrapy会先通过getattr判断我们是否自定义了from_crawler,有则调它来完
        成实例化
        """
        val = crawler.settings.getint(‘MMMM‘)
        return cls(val)

    def open_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫刚启动时执行一次
        """
        print(‘000000‘)

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫关闭时执行一次
        """
        print(‘111111‘)


    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 操作并进行持久化

        # return表示会被后续的pipeline继续处理
        return item

        # 表示将item丢弃，不会被后续pipeline处理
        # raise DropItem()

#1、settings.py
HOST="127.0.0.1"
PORT=27017
USER="root"
PWD="123"
DB="amazon"
TABLE="goods"



ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   ‘Amazon.pipelines.CustomPipeline‘: 200,
}

#2、pipelines.py
class CustomPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self,host,port,user,pwd,db,table):
        self.host=host
        self.port=port
        self.user=user
        self.pwd=pwd
        self.db=db
        self.table=table

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        """
        Scrapy会先通过getattr判断我们是否自定义了from_crawler,有则调它来完
        成实例化
        """
        HOST = crawler.settings.get(‘HOST‘)
        PORT = crawler.settings.get(‘PORT‘)
        USER = crawler.settings.get(‘USER‘)
        PWD = crawler.settings.get(‘PWD‘)
        DB = crawler.settings.get(‘DB‘)
        TABLE = crawler.settings.get(‘TABLE‘)
        return cls(HOST,PORT,USER,PWD,DB,TABLE)

    def open_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫刚启动时执行一次
        """
        self.client = MongoClient(‘mongodb://%s:%s@%s:%s‘ %(self.user,self.pwd,self.host,self.port))

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        """
        爬虫关闭时执行一次
        """
        self.client.close()


    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 操作并进行持久化

        self.client[self.db][self.table].save(dict(item))

from scrapy import signals

class SpiderMiddleware(object):
    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) #当前爬虫执行时触发spider_opened
        return s

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        # spider.logger.info(‘我是egon派来的爬虫1: %s‘ % spider.name)
        print(‘我是egon派来的爬虫1: %s‘ % spider.name)

    def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
        # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works
        # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
        # that it doesn’t have a response associated.

        # Must return only requests (not items).
        print(‘start_requests1‘)
        for r in start_requests:
            yield r

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        # Called for each response that goes through the spider
        # middleware and into the spider.
        # 每个response经过爬虫中间件进入spider时调用

        # 返回值：Should return None or raise an exception.
        #1、None: 继续执行其他中间件的process_spider_input
        #2、抛出异常：
        # 一旦抛出异常则不再执行其他中间件的process_spider_input
        # 并且触发request绑定的errback
        # errback的返回值倒着传给中间件的process_spider_output
        # 如果未找到errback，则倒着执行中间件的process_spider_exception

        print("input1")
        return None

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after
        # it has processed the response.

        # Must return an iterable of Request, dict or Item objects.
        print(‘output1‘)

        # 用yield返回多次，与return返回一次是一个道理
        # 如果生成器掌握不好（函数内有yield执行函数得到的是生成器而并不会立刻执行），生成器的形式会容易误导你对中间件执行顺序的理解
        # for i in result:
        #     yield i
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
        # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.

        # Should return either None or an iterable of Response, dict
        # or Item objects.
        print(‘exception1‘)

#步骤一：
‘‘‘
打开注释：
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware1‘: 200,
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware2‘: 300,
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware3‘: 400,
}

‘‘‘


#步骤二：middlewares.py
from scrapy import signals

class SpiderMiddleware1(object):
    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) #当前爬虫执行时触发spider_opened
        return s

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print(‘我是egon派来的爬虫1: %s‘ % spider.name)

    def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
        # Must return only requests (not items).
        print(‘start_requests1‘)
        for r in start_requests:
            yield r


        
        
class SpiderMiddleware2(object):
    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)  # 当前爬虫执行时触发spider_opened
        return s

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print(‘我是egon派来的爬虫2: %s‘ % spider.name)

    def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
        print(‘start_requests2‘)
        for r in start_requests:
            yield r


class SpiderMiddleware3(object):
    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)  # 当前爬虫执行时触发spider_opened
        return s

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print(‘我是egon派来的爬虫3: %s‘ % spider.name)

    def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
        print(‘start_requests3‘)
        for r in start_requests:
            yield r


#步骤三：分析运行结果
#1、启动爬虫时则立刻执行：

我是egon派来的爬虫1: baidu
我是egon派来的爬虫2: baidu
我是egon派来的爬虫3: baidu


#2、然后产生一个初始的request请求，依次经过爬虫中间件1,2,3：
start_requests1
start_requests2
start_requests3

#步骤一：打开注释：
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware1‘: 200,
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware2‘: 300,
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware3‘: 400,
}

‘‘‘

#步骤二：middlewares.py
from scrapy import signals

class SpiderMiddleware1(object):

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        print("input1")

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        print(‘output1‘)
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        print(‘exception1‘)


class SpiderMiddleware2(object):

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        print("input2")
        return None

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        print(‘output2‘)
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        print(‘exception2‘)


class SpiderMiddleware3(object):

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        print("input3")
        return None

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        print(‘output3‘)
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        print(‘exception3‘)


#步骤三：运行结果分析

#1、返回response时，依次经过爬虫中间件1,2,3
input1
input2
input3

#2、spider处理完毕后，依次经过爬虫中间件3,2,1
output3
output2
output1

#步骤一：
‘‘‘
打开注释：
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware1‘: 200,
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware2‘: 300,
   ‘Baidu.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware3‘: 400,
}

‘‘‘

#步骤二：middlewares.py

from scrapy import signals

class SpiderMiddleware1(object):

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        print("input1")

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        print(‘output1‘)
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        print(‘exception1‘)


class SpiderMiddleware2(object):

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        print("input2")
        raise Type

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        print(‘output2‘)
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        print(‘exception2‘)


class SpiderMiddleware3(object):

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
        print("input3")
        return None

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
        print(‘output3‘)
        return result

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
        print(‘exception3‘)

        

#运行结果        
input1
input2
exception3
exception2
exception1

#分析：
#1、当response经过中间件1的 process_spider_input返回None，继续交给中间件2的process_spider_input
#2、中间件2的process_spider_input抛出异常，则直接跳过后续的process_spider_input，将异常信息传递给Spiders里该请求的errback
#3、没有找到errback，则该response既没有被Spiders正常的callback执行，也没有被errback执行，即Spiders啥事也没有干，那么开始倒着执行process_spider_exception
#4、如果process_spider_exception返回None，代表该方法推卸掉责任，并没处理异常，而是直接交给下一个process_spider_exception，全都返回None，则异常最终交给Engine抛出

#1、在与settings同级目录下新建一个文件，文件名可以为extentions.py,内容如下
from scrapy import signals


class MyExtension(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        val = crawler.settings.getint(‘MMMM‘)
        obj = cls(val)

        crawler.signals.connect(obj.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        crawler.signals.connect(obj.spider_closed, signal=signals.spider_closed)

        return obj

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        print(‘=============>open‘)

    def spider_closed(self, spider):
        print(‘=============>close‘)

#2、配置生效
EXTENSIONS = {
    "Amazon.extentions.MyExtension":200
}

#==>第一部分：基本配置<===
#1、项目名称，默认的USER_AGENT由它来构成，也作为日志记录的日志名
BOT_NAME = ‘Amazon‘

#2、爬虫应用路径
SPIDER_MODULES = [‘Amazon.spiders‘]
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = ‘Amazon.spiders‘

#3、客户端User-Agent请求头
#USER_AGENT = ‘Amazon (+http://www.yourdomain.com)‘

#4、是否遵循爬虫协议
# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

#5、是否支持cookie，cookiejar进行操作cookie，默认开启
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False

#6、Telnet用于查看当前爬虫的信息，操作爬虫等...使用telnet ip port ，然后通过命令操作
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
#TELNETCONSOLE_HOST = ‘127.0.0.1‘
#TELNETCONSOLE_PORT = [6023,]

#7、Scrapy发送HTTP请求默认使用的请求头
#DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
#   ‘Accept‘: ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8‘,
#   ‘Accept-Language‘: ‘en‘,
#}



#===>第二部分：并发与延迟<===
#1、下载器总共最大处理的并发请求数,默认值16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

#2、每个域名能够被执行的最大并发请求数目，默认值8
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16

#3、能够被单个IP处理的并发请求数，默认值0，代表无限制，需要注意两点
#I、如果不为零，那CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN将被忽略，即并发数的限制是按照每个IP来计算，而不是每个域名
#II、该设置也影响DOWNLOAD_DELAY，如果该值不为零，那么DOWNLOAD_DELAY下载延迟是限制每个IP而不是每个域
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

#4、如果没有开启智能限速，这个值就代表一个规定死的值，代表对同一网址延迟请求的秒数
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3


#===>第三部分：智能限速/自动节流：AutoThrottle extension<===
#一：介绍
from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle #http://scrapy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html#topics-autothrottle
设置目标：
1、比使用默认的下载延迟对站点更好
2、自动调整scrapy到最佳的爬取速度，所以用户无需自己调整下载延迟到最佳状态。用户只需要定义允许最大并发的请求，剩下的事情由该扩展组件自动完成


#二：如何实现？
在Scrapy中，下载延迟是通过计算建立TCP连接到接收到HTTP包头(header)之间的时间来测量的。
注意，由于Scrapy可能在忙着处理spider的回调函数或者无法下载，因此在合作的多任务环境下准确测量这些延迟是十分苦难的。 不过，这些延迟仍然是对Scrapy(甚至是服务器)繁忙程度的合理测量，而这扩展就是以此为前提进行编写的。


#三：限速算法
自动限速算法基于以下规则调整下载延迟
#1、spiders开始时的下载延迟是基于AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY的值
#2、当收到一个response，对目标站点的下载延迟=收到响应的延迟时间/AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY
#3、下一次请求的下载延迟就被设置成：对目标站点下载延迟时间和过去的下载延迟时间的平均值
#4、没有达到200个response则不允许降低延迟
#5、下载延迟不能变的比DOWNLOAD_DELAY更低或者比AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY更高

#四：配置使用
#开启True，默认False
AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
#起始的延迟
AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
#最小延迟
DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
#最大延迟
AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
#每秒并发请求数的平均值，不能高于 CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN或CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP，调高了则吞吐量增大强奸目标站点，调低了则对目标站点更加”礼貌“
#每个特定的时间点，scrapy并发请求的数目都可能高于或低于该值，这是爬虫视图达到的建议值而不是硬限制
AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 16.0
#调试
AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16



#===>第四部分：爬取深度与爬取方式<===
#1、爬虫允许的最大深度，可以通过meta查看当前深度；0表示无深度
# DEPTH_LIMIT = 3

#2、爬取时，0表示深度优先Lifo(默认)；1表示广度优先FiFo

# 后进先出，深度优先
# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 0
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = ‘scrapy.squeue.PickleLifoDiskQueue‘
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = ‘scrapy.squeue.LifoMemoryQueue‘
# 先进先出，广度优先

# DEPTH_PRIORITY = 1
# SCHEDULER_DISK_QUEUE = ‘scrapy.squeue.PickleFifoDiskQueue‘
# SCHEDULER_MEMORY_QUEUE = ‘scrapy.squeue.FifoMemoryQueue‘


#3、调度器队列
# SCHEDULER = ‘scrapy.core.scheduler.Scheduler‘
# from scrapy.core.scheduler import Scheduler

#4、访问URL去重
# DUPEFILTER_CLASS = ‘step8_king.duplication.RepeatUrl‘



#===>第五部分：中间件、Pipelines、扩展<===
#1、Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    ‘Amazon.middlewares.AmazonSpiderMiddleware‘: 543,
#}

#2、Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # ‘Amazon.middlewares.DownMiddleware1‘: 543,
}

#3、Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
#    ‘scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole‘: None,
#}

#4、Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   # ‘Amazon.pipelines.CustomPipeline‘: 200,
}



#===>第六部分：缓存<===
"""
1. 启用缓存
    目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来，以便以后使用
    
    from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy
    from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage
"""
# 是否启用缓存策略
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True

# 缓存策略：所有请求均缓存，下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略：根据Http响应头：Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy"

# 缓存超时时间
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0

# 缓存保存路径
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = ‘httpcache‘

# 缓存忽略的Http状态码
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []

# 缓存存储的插件
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = ‘scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage‘


#===>第七部分：线程池<===
REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE = 10

#Default: 10
#scrapy基于twisted异步IO框架，downloader是多线程的，线程数是Twisted线程池的默认大小(The maximum limit for Twisted Reactor thread pool size.)

#关于twisted线程池：
http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/10.1.0/core/howto/threading.html

#线程池实现：twisted.python.threadpool.ThreadPool
twisted调整线程池大小：
from twisted.internet import reactor
reactor.suggestThreadPoolSize(30)

#scrapy相关源码：
D:\python3.6\Lib\site-packages\scrapy\crawler.py

#补充：
windows下查看进程内线程数的工具：
    https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/sysinternals/downloads/pslist
    或
    https://pan.baidu.com/s/1jJ0pMaM
    
    命令为：
    pslist |findstr python

linux下：top -p 进程id


#===>第八部分：其他默认配置参考<===
D:\python3.6\Lib\site-packages\scrapy\settings\default_settings.py

settings.py