标签：pop use models osx model 配置文件 smt 对比 SQ
C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018\venv\Scripts\python.exe "C:\Program Files\JetBrains\PyCharm 2018.1.3\helpers\pydev\pydevconsole.py" 58035 58036 import sys; print(‘Python %s on %s‘ % (sys.version, sys.platform)) sys.path.extend([‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018‘, ‘C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/LFXC2018‘]) PyDev console: starting. Python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:f59c0932b4, Mar 28 2018, 17:00:18) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 help(‘modules‘) Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules... __future__ _winapi imp selectors _ast abc importlib setup _asyncio aifc inspect setup_cython _bisect antigravity interpreterInfo setuptools _blake2 argparse io shelve _bootlocale array ipaddress shlex _bz2 ast itertools shutil _codecs asynchat json signal _codecs_cn asyncio keyword site _codecs_hk asyncore lib2to3 sitecustomize _codecs_iso2022 atexit linecache smtpd _codecs_jp audioop locale smtplib _codecs_kr backend_interagg logging sndhdr _codecs_tw base64 lzma socket _collections bdb macpath socketserver _collections_abc binascii macurl2path sqlite3 _compat_pickle binhex mailbox sre_compile _compression bisect mailcap sre_constants _csv builtins marshal sre_parse _ctypes bz2 math ssl _ctypes_test cProfile mimetypes stat _datetime calendar mmap statistics _decimal cgi modulefinder string _distutils_findvs cgitb msilib stringprep _dummy_thread chardet msvcrt struct _elementtree chunk multiprocessing subprocess _functools cmath netrc sunau _hashlib cmd nntplib symbol _heapq code nt symtable _imp codecs ntpath sys _io codeop nturl2path sysconfig _json collections numbers tabnanny _locale colorsys opcode tarfile _lsprof compileall operator telnetlib _lzma concurrent optparse tempfile _markupbase configparser os test _md5 contextlib parser test_pydevd_reload _msi copy pathlib tests_pydevd _multibytecodec copyreg pdb tests_pydevd_mainloop _multiprocessing crypt pickle tests_pydevd_python _opcode csv pickletools textwrap _operator ctypes pip this _osx_support curses pipes threading _overlapped datetime pkg_resources time _pickle dbm pkgutil timeit _pydecimal decimal platform tkinter _pydev_bundle difflib plistlib token _pydev_imps dis poplib tokenize _pydev_runfiles distutils posixpath trace _pydevd_bundle doctest pprint traceback _pydevd_frame_eval dummy_threading profile tracemalloc _pyio easy_install pstats tty _random email pty turtle _sha1 encodings py_compile turtledemo _sha256 ensurepip pyclbr types _sha3 enum pycompletionserver typing _sha512 errno pydev_app_engine_debug_startup unicodedata _signal faulthandler pydev_coverage unittest _sitebuiltins filecmp pydev_ipython urllib _socket fileinput pydev_pysrc uu _sqlite3 fnmatch pydev_run_in_console uuid _sre formatter pydevconsole venv _ssl fractions pydevd warnings _stat ftplib pydevd_concurrency_analyser wave _string functools pydevd_file_utils weakref _strptime gc pydevd_plugins webbrowser _struct genericpath pydoc winreg _symtable getopt pydoc_data winsound _testbuffer getpass pyexpat wsgiref _testcapi gettext queue xdrlib _testconsole glob quopri xml _testimportmultiple gzip random xmlrpc _testmultiphase hashlib re xxsubtype _thread heapq reprlib zipapp _threading_local hmac rlcompleter zipfile _tkinter html runfiles zipimport _tracemalloc http runpy zlib _warnings idlelib sched _weakref imaplib secrets _weakrefset imghdr select Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search for modules whose name or summary contain the string "spam".
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # __Author__:Administrator # Version:python3.6.5 # Date:2018/5/27 0027 10:43 "" """ 格式： 1、import module 2、from module import xx #从哪来，到哪去！ 3、from module.xx.xx import xx as rename #起个别名； 4、from module.xx.xx import * #*代表所有，不建议使用，变量名容易冲突； """ import os import sys from os import rmdir from os import rmdir,rename,replace#逗号分隔，导入多个；
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # __Author__:Administrator # Version:python3.6.5 # Date:2018/5/27 0027 11:25 import sys print(sys.path) """ [ ‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\文件操作&函数\\模块‘, ‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018‘, ‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\venv\\Scripts\\python36.zip‘, ‘C:\\Program Files\\Python36\\DLLs‘, ‘C:\\Program Files\\Python36\\lib‘, ‘C:\\Program Files\\Python36‘, ‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\venv‘, ‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\venv\\lib\\site-packages‘, ‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\venv\\lib\\site-packages\\setuptools-39.0.1-py3.6.egg‘, ‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\venv\\lib\\site-packages\\pip-9.0.3-py3.6.egg‘, ‘C:\\Program Files\\JetBrains\\PyCharm 2018.1.3\\helpers\\pycharm_matplotlib_backend‘ ] """ #注意使用转义字符\ #只是一次性有效； sys.path.append(‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\文件操作&函数\\模块‘) print(sys.path) #import my_modules #del my_modules """ 小结：模块查找路径有顺序； """
https://pypi.org/ 是python的开源模块库，截止2017年9.30日 ，已经收录了118170个来自全世界python开发者贡献的模块,几乎涵盖了你想用python做的任何事情。 事实上每个python开发者，只要注册一个账号就可以往这个平台上传你自己的模块，这样全世界的开发者都可以容易的下载并使用你的模块。
1)使用源码包进行安装；
编译源码 python setup.py build安装源码 python setup.py install2)使用pip工具进行安装；
Pytion介绍：https://pypi.org/project/PyTyrion/
pip install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com #alex_sayhi是模块名，注意alex_sayhi前面有空格；
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.16299.15]
(c) 2017 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 install PyTyrion#安装
Collecting PyTyrion
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14a
f3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.tar.gz
Installing collected packages: PyTyrion
Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 uninstall PyTyrion#卸载
Uninstalling PyTyrion-1.0.1:
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\pytyrion-1.0.1-py3.6.egg-
info
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\__init__.py
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\__pycache__\__init
__.cpython-36.pyc
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\__pycache__\fields
.cpython-36.pyc
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\__pycache__\forms.
cpython-36.pyc
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\__pycache__\framew
ork.cpython-36.pyc
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\__pycache__\widget
.cpython-36.pyc
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\fields.py
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\forms.py
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\framework.py
c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages\tyrion\widget.py
Proceed (y/n)? y
Successfully uninstalled PyTyrion-1.0.1
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 install PyTyrion
Collecting PyTyrion
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c4/22/167ec8e203b0f930582a82a1bfcf7faf9d14a
f3a0d6abc807dbb22ed52f8/PyTyrion-1.0.1.tar.gz
Installing collected packages: PyTyrion
Running setup.py install for PyTyrion ... done
Successfully installed PyTyrion-1.0.1
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
le/alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
You must give at least one requirement to install (see "pip help install")
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
le/ alex_sayhi --trusted-host pypi.douban.com#注意alex_sayhi前面有一空格；
Collecting alex_sayhi
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/84/14/b59d93276c86f6ab556cfa7c2d860b742c1611b601cc
4c7743d129b4b52a/alex_sayhi-1.0.0.tar.gz
Installing collected packages: alex-sayhi
Running setup.py install for alex-sayhi ... done
Successfully installed alex-sayhi-1.0.0
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>
1 (venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 install paramiko 2 Collecting paramiko 3 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3e/db/cb7b6656e0e7387637ce850689084dc0b94b44 4 df31cc52e5fc5c2c4fd2c1/paramiko-2.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (194kB) 5 94% |██████████████████████████████▎ | 184kB 313kB/s eta 0:00:0 6 100% |████████████████████████████████| 194kB 295kB/s 7 Collecting pynacl>=1.0.1 (from paramiko) 8 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/35/ae/5cd8eb69f9341ebb4964faac5f5a00589fbf5d 9 5f02d84a811c6abcc4f882/PyNaCl-1.2.1-cp36-cp36m-win_amd64.whl (165kB) 10 93% |█████████████████████████████▉ | 153kB 626kB/s eta 0:00:01 11 99% |███████████████████████████████▊| 163kB 626kB/s eta 0:00: 12 100% |████████████████████████████████| 174kB 583kB/s 13 Collecting bcrypt>=3.1.3 (from paramiko) 14 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4b/c0/c0550e4b98e0536d3a8b8753b68aa0d3c03af6 15 54c43a58328d0bf2c06747/bcrypt-3.1.4-cp36-cp36m-win_amd64.whl 16 Collecting cryptography>=1.5 (from paramiko) 17 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/67/62/67faef32908026e816a74b4b97491f8b9ff393 18 d2951820573599c105cc32/cryptography-2.2.2-cp36-cp36m-win_amd64.whl (1.3MB) 19 91% |█████████████████████████████▍ | 1.2MB 1.2MB/s eta 0:00:01 20 92% |█████████████████████████████▋ | 1.2MB 1.2MB/s eta 0:00:01 21 93% |█████████████████████████████▉ | 1.2MB 1.2MB/s eta 0:00:01 22 94% |██████████████████████████████ | 1.2MB 6.5MB/s eta 0:00:01 23 94% |██████████████████████████████▎ | 1.3MB 6.5MB/s eta 0:00:0 24 95% |██████████████████████████████▋ | 1.3MB 6.7MB/s eta 0:00:0 25 96% |██████████████████████████████▉ | 1.3MB 5.6MB/s eta 0:00:0 26 97% |███████████████████████████████ | 1.3MB 6.5MB/s eta 0:00:0 27 97% |███████████████████████████████▎| 1.3MB 6.6MB/s eta 0:00: 28 98% |███████████████████████████████▋| 1.3MB 6.0MB/s eta 0:00: 29 99% |███████████████████████████████▉| 1.3MB 6.4MB/s eta 0:00: 30 100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.3MB 977kB/s 31 Collecting pyasn1>=0.1.7 (from paramiko) 32 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a0/70/2c27740f08e477499ce19eefe05dbcae6f19fd 33 c49e9e82ce4768be0643b9/pyasn1-0.4.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (72kB) 34 98% |███████████████████████████████▋| 71kB 8.8MB/s eta 0:00:0 35 100% |████████████████████████████████| 81kB 3.7MB/s 36 Collecting six (from pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) 37 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/67/4b/141a581104b1f6397bfa78ac9d43d8ad29a7ca 38 43ea90a2d863fe3056e86a/six-1.11.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl 39 Collecting cffi>=1.4.1 (from pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) 40 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2f/85/a9184548ad4261916d08a50d9e272bf6f93c54 41 f3735878fbfc9335efd94b/cffi-1.11.5-cp36-cp36m-win_amd64.whl (166kB) 42 92% |█████████████████████████████▌ | 153kB 6.7MB/s eta 0:00:01 43 98% |███████████████████████████████▍| 163kB 6.5MB/s eta 0:00: 44 100% |████████████████████████████████| 174kB 3.1MB/s 45 Collecting asn1crypto>=0.21.0 (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) 46 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ea/cd/35485615f45f30a510576f1a56d1e0a7ad7bd8 47 ab5ed7cdc600ef7cd06222/asn1crypto-0.24.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (101kB) 48 100% |████████████████████████████████| 102kB 3.5MB/s 49 Collecting idna>=2.1 (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko) 50 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/27/cc/6dd9a3869f15c2edfab863b992838277279ce9 51 2663d334df9ecf5106f5c6/idna-2.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl (56kB) 52 100% |████████████████████████████████| 61kB 3.5MB/s 53 Collecting pycparser (from cffi>=1.4.1->pynacl>=1.0.1->paramiko) 54 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8c/2d/aad7f16146f4197a11f8e91fb81df177adcc20 55 73d36a17b1491fd09df6ed/pycparser-2.18.tar.gz (245kB) 56 91% |█████████████████████████████▎ | 225kB 7.0MB/s eta 0:00:01 57 95% |██████████████████████████████▋ | 235kB 6.8MB/s eta 0:00:0 58 99% |████████████████████████████████| 245kB 6.8MB/s eta 0:00: 59 100% |████████████████████████████████| 256kB 2.7MB/s 60 Installing collected packages: six, pycparser, cffi, pynacl, bcrypt, asn1crypto, idna, cryptograph 61 y, pyasn1, paramiko 62 Running setup.py install for pycparser ... done 63 Successfully installed asn1crypto-0.24.0 bcrypt-3.1.4 cffi-1.11.5 cryptography-2.2.2 idna-2.6 para 64 miko-2.4.1 pyasn1-0.4.3 pycparser-2.18 pynacl-1.2.1 six-1.11.0 65 You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available. 66 You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
##########################################################使用国内豆瓣源下载速度对比###########################################
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
le/ paramiko
Collecting paramiko
The repository located at pypi.douban.com is not a trusted or secure host and is being ignored.
If this repository is available via HTTPS it is recommended to use HTTPS instead, otherwise you ma
y silence this warning and allow it anyways with ‘--trusted-host pypi.douban.com‘.
Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement paramiko (from versions: )
No matching distribution found for paramiko
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>pip3 install -i http://pypi.douban.com/simp
le/ paramiko --trusted-host pypi.douban.com
Collecting paramiko
Downloading http://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/3e/db/cb7b6656e0e7387637ce850689084dc0b94b44df31cc
52e5fc5c2c4fd2c1/paramiko-2.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (194kB)
94% |██████████████████████████████▎ | 184kB 1.3MB/s eta 0:00:0
100% |████████████████████████████████| 194kB 1.4MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: cryptography>=1.5 in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc201
8\venv\lib\site-packages (from paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: bcrypt>=3.1.3 in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\ve
nv\lib\site-packages (from paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: pyasn1>=0.1.7 in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\ve
nv\lib\site-packages (from paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: pynacl>=1.0.1 in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\ve
nv\lib\site-packages (from paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: cffi>=1.7; platform_python_implementation != "PyPy" in c:\users\adm
inistrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\lib\site-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\l
ib\site-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.4.1 in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\
lib\site-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc20
18\venv\lib\site-packages (from cryptography>=1.5->paramiko)
Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in c:\users\administrator\pycharmprojects\lfxc2018\venv\l
ib\site-packages (from cffi>=1.7; platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"->cryptography>=1.5->par
amiko)
Installing collected packages: paramiko
Successfully installed paramiko-2.4.1
You are using pip version 9.0.3, however version 10.0.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the ‘python -m pip install --upgrade pip‘ command.
(venv) C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018>
.
└── my_proj
├── crm #代码目录；此处就是包；
│ ├── admin.py
│ ├── apps.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── tests.py
│ └── views.py
├── manage.py
└── my_proj #配置文件目录；此处也是包；
├── settings.py
├── urls.py
└── wsgi.py当我们的模块文件越来越多，为了容易管理，就需要对模块文件进行划分，比如把负责跟数据库交互的都放一个文件夹，把与页面交互相关的放一个文件夹，其中，一个文件夹管理多个模块文件，这个文件夹就被称为包；
2、不同模块
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 # __Author__:Administrator 4 # Version:python3.6.5 5 # Date:2018/5/27 0027 13:51 6 import sys,os 7 print(dir())#[‘__annotations__‘, ‘__builtins__‘, ‘__cached__‘, ‘__doc__‘, ‘__file__‘, ‘__loader__‘, ‘__name__‘, ‘__package__‘, ‘__spec__‘, ‘os‘, ‘sys‘] 8 print(__file__)#C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/LFXC2018/文件操作&函数/模块/packages/my_proj/crm/views.py 9 #BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))#相对路径； 10 BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))#绝对路径；abspath 11 print("BASE_DIR",BASE_DIR) 12 sys.path.append(BASE_DIR) 13 #sys.path.append("C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\文件操作&函数\\模块\\packages\\my_proj") 14 print(sys.path) 15 from proj import settings 16 def sayhi(): 17 print(‘Hello World.‘) 18 #一出手就是专业的！ 19 20 21 def sayhi(): 22 print(‘hello world!‘)
绝对导入&相对导入 在linux里可以通过cd ..回到上一层目录 ，cd ../.. 往上回2层，这个..就是指相对路径，在python里，导入也可以通过.. 例如： . ├── __init__.py ├── crm │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── admin.py │ ├── apps.py │ ├── models.py │ ├── tests.py │ ├── views.py #from ..proj import settings ├── manage.py └── proj ├── __init__.py ├── settings.py #from .import urls ├── urls.py └── wsgi.py views.py里代码 from ..proj import settings def sayhi(): print(‘hello world!‘) print(settings.DATABASES) 执行结果报错了 Traceback (most recent call last): File "my_proj/crm/views.py", line 4, in <module> from ..proj import settings SystemError: Parent module ‘‘ not loaded, cannot perform relative import 或者有人会看到这个错 ValueError: attempted relative import beyond top-level package 其实这两个错误的原因归根结底是一样的：在涉及到相对导入时，package所对应的文件夹必须正确的被python解释器视作package，而不是普通文件夹。否则由于不被视作package，无法利用package之间的嵌套关系实现python中包的相对导入。 文件夹被python解释器视作package需要满足两个条件： 文件夹中必须有__init__.py文件，该文件可以为空，但必须存在该文件。 不能作为顶层模块来执行该文件夹中的py文件（即不能作为主函数的入口）。 所以这个问题的解决办法就是，既然你在views.py里执行了相对导入，那就不要把views.py当作入口程序，可以通过上一级的manage.py调用views.py . ├── __init__.py ├── crm │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── admin.py │ ├── apps.py │ ├── models.py │ ├── tests.py │ ├── views.py #from ..proj import settings ├── manage.py #from crm import views └── proj ├── __init__.py ├── settings.py #from .import urls ├── urls.py └── wsgi.py 事实证明还是不行,报错 ValueError: attempted relative import beyond top-level package 但把from ..proj import settings 改成from . import models 后却执行成功了，为什么呢？ from .. import models会报错的原因是，这句代码会把manage.py所在的这一层视作package,但实际上它不是，因为package不能是顶层入口代码，若想不出错，只能把manage.py往上再移一层。 正确的代码目录结构如下 packages/ ├── __init__.py ├── manage.py #from my_proj.crm import views └── my_proj ├── crm │ ├── admin.py │ ├── apps.py │ ├── models.py │ ├── tests.py │ ├── views.py #from . import models; from ..proj import settings └── proj ├── __init__.py ├── settings.py ├── urls.py └── wsgi.py 再执行manage.py就不会报错了。 注:虽然python支持相对导入，但对模块间的路径关系要求比较严格，处理不当就容易出错，so并不建议在项目里经常使用。
在平常的代码中，我们常常需要与时间打交道。在Python中，与时间处理有关的模块就包括：time，datetime,calendar(很少用，不讲)，下面分别来介绍。
在开始之前，首先要说明几点：
一、在Python中，通常有这几种方式来表示时间：
二、几个定义
UTC（Coordinated Universal Time，世界协调时）亦即格林威治天文时间，世界标准时间。在中国为UTC+8。DST（Daylight Saving Time）即夏令时。
时间戳（timestamp）的方式：通常来说，时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。我们运行“type(time.time())”，返回的是float类型。
元组（struct_time）方式：struct_time元组共有9个元素，返回struct_time的函数主要有gmtime()，localtime()，strptime()。下面列出这种方式元组中的几个元素：
索引（Index） 属性（Attribute） 值（Values）
0 tm_year（年） 比如2011
1 tm_mon（月） 1 - 12
2 tm_mday（日） 1 - 31
3 tm_hour（时） 0 - 23
4 tm_min（分） 0 - 59
5 tm_sec（秒） 0 - 61
6 tm_wday（weekday） 0 - 6（0表示周日）
7 tm_yday（一年中的第几天） 1 - 366
8 tm_isdst（是否是夏令时） 默认为-1
time.strftime(format[, t])：把一个代表时间的元组或者struct_time（如由time.localtime()和time.gmtime()返回）转化为格式化的时间字符串。如果t未指定，将传入time.localtime()。
time.strptime(string[, format])：把一个格式化时间字符串转化为struct_time。实际上它和strftime()是逆操作。
| 字符串转时间格式对应表 |
|---|
| Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|
%a |
Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. | |
%A |
Locale’s full weekday name. | |
%b |
Locale’s abbreviated month name. | |
%B |
Locale’s full month name. | |
%c |
Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. | |
%d |
Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. | |
%H |
Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. | |
%I |
Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%j |
Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. | |
%m |
Month as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%M |
Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. | |
%p |
Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. | (1) |
%S |
Second as a decimal number [00,61]. | (2) |
%U |
Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%w |
Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. | |
%W |
Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%x |
Locale’s appropriate date representation. | |
%X |
Locale’s appropriate time representation. | |
%y |
Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. | |
%Y |
Year with century as a decimal number. | |
%z |
Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. | |
%Z |
Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). | |
%% |
A literal ‘%‘character. |
最后为了容易记住转换关系，看下图
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # __Author__:Administrator # Version:python3.6.5 # Date:2018/5/27 0027 15:24 import time print("从1970年1月1日00:00:00:00起，返回当前时间的时间戳:",time.time())#从1970年1月1日 print("将一个时间戳转换为当前时区的struct_time:",time.localtime())#time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=27, tm_hour=15, tm_min=29, tm_sec=50, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=147, tm_isdst=0) print("打印当前时区（北京时区）的struct_time:",time.localtime(1527406435.9800334))#将一个时间戳转换为当前时区的stuct_time。 #time.gmtime()和localtime()方法类似，不过gmtime()方法是将一个时间戳转换为UTC时区（0时区）的struct_time a = time.localtime() print("打印自定义格式的时间:",‘%s-%s-%s‘%(a.tm_year,a.tm_mon,a.tm_mday))#2018-5-27 print("打印0时区的struct_time:",time.gmtime())#time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=27, tm_hour=7, tm_min=32, tm_sec=35, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=147, tm_isdst=0) print("将struct_time转换为时间戳显示:",time.mktime(a))#1527407076.0 print("线程推迟指定的是时间运行，就是让‘程序‘睡一会儿再运行:",time.sleep(1)) print("time.asctime([t])：把一个表示时间的元组或者struct_time表示为这种形式：‘Sun Oct 1 12:04:38 2017‘。如果没有参数，将会将time.localtime()作为参数传入。",time.asctime()) print(time.ctime())#Sun May 27 15:50:54 2018 print(time.ctime(0))#Thu Jan 1 08:00:00 1970 print(time.ctime(1232123))#Thu Jan 15 14:15:23 1970 #print(help(time.strftime())) """ time.strftime(format[, t])：把一个代表时间的元组 或者struct_time（如由time.localtime()和time.gmtime()返回）转化为格式化的时间字符串。 如果t未指定，将传入time.localtime()。 """ print(time.strftime(‘2017‘)) print(time.strftime(‘2017-8‘)) print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d‘))#2018-05-27 print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S‘))#2018-05-27 15:58:32 b = time.localtime(1898908909) print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S‘,b))#2030-03-05 10:41:49 print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %U ‘))#2018-05-27 16:04:38 21 print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %w‘))#2018-05-27 16:04:38 0 print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z ‘))#2018-05-27 16:04:38 +0800 print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z‘))#2030-03-05 10:41:49 print("-------------------内容太多了，打个断点吧！--------------") s = time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S‘) print(time.strptime(s,‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S‘))#与time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S‘)互为逆操作
相比于time模块，datetime模块的接口则更直观、更容易调用
datetime模块定义了下面这几个类：
我们需要记住的方法仅以下几个：
d.timestamp(),d.today(), d.year,d.timetuple()等方法可以调用
2.datetime.date.fromtimestamp(322222) 把一个时间戳转为datetime日期类型
3.时间运算
>>> datetime.datetime.now()
datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1, 12, 53, 11, 821218)
>>> datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(4) #当前时间 +4天
datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 5, 12, 53, 35, 276589)
>>> datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=4) #当前时间+4小时
datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1, 16, 53, 42, 876275)
4.时间替换
>>> d.replace(year=2999,month=11,day=30)
datetime.date(2999, 11, 30)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # __Author__:Administrator # Version:python3.6.5 # Date:2018/5/27 0027 16:14 import datetime,time print(datetime.datetime)#<class ‘datetime.datetime‘> print(datetime.datetime.now())#2018-05-27 16:15:02.575789 a = datetime.datetime.now() print(a) print(a.year) print(a.month) print(a.day) print(a.hour) print(a.minute) print(a.second) print(a.microsecond) print(datetime.datetime(2017,10,12,20,8,25,59782))#2017-10-12 20:08:25.059782 print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()))#将时间戳快速的转换为“年月日”格式； d = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) print(d.year)#2018 print("打个断点吧！----------------------------------------------") print(datetime.timedelta(1))#1 day, 0:00:00 print(datetime.datetime.now())#2018-05-27 16:24:18.928623 print("------------------------------") t = datetime.timedelta(1) print(datetime.datetime.now() -t)#2018-05-26 16:25:28.727510 print(datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=3))#2018-05-24 16:25:28.727510 print(datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=4))#2018-05-24 12:25:28.727510 print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=4))#2018-05-24 20:25:28.727510 print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=10))#2018-05-24 16:35:28.727510 d=datetime.datetime.now() print(d)#2018-05-27 16:34:05.117929 print(d.replace(year=2006))#2006-05-27 16:34:38.694003 print(d.replace(year=2006,month=8,day=20,hour=18,minute=45))#2006-08-20 18:45:04.031477
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # __Author__:Administrator # Version:python3.6.5 # Date:2018/5/28 0028 6:25 import random print("顾头又顾尾:",random.randint(1,100))#78,顾头又顾尾 print("顾头又顾尾:",random.randint(1,3))#3,顾头又顾尾 print("顾头不顾尾:",random.randrange(1,3))#1，顾头不顾尾 print("顾头不顾尾:",random.randrange(1,3))#2，顾头不顾尾 print("顾头不顾尾,随机选取1~100之间的奇数:",random.randrange(1,100,2))#17，顾头不顾尾 print("顾头不顾尾,随机选取0~100之间的偶数:",random.randrange(0,100,2))#28，顾头不顾尾 print("生成随机浮点数:",random.random())#0.31159629694637025 print("返回给定数据集合中的1个随机字符:",random.choice(‘fdsajkl!#@!@#!1232132‘))# 2 print("返回给定数据集合中的N个随机字符:",random.sample(‘fdsajkl!#@!@#!1232132‘,3))#[‘!‘, ‘k‘, ‘3‘] print(‘‘.join(random.sample(‘fdsajkl!#@!@#!1232132‘,8)))#s!j@!k2a import string print("生成包含‘大小写‘的字符串:",string.ascii_letters)#abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ print("生成只包含‘所有大写[A-Z]‘的字母字符串:",string.ascii_uppercase)#ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ print("生成只包含‘所有小写[a-z]‘的字母字符串:",string.ascii_lowercase)#abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz print("生成包含‘所有叔子[0-9]‘的数字字符串:",string.digits)#0123456789 print(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits)#abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 print(‘‘.join(random.sample(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits,6)))#7g8jrs print("生成特殊字符",string.punctuation)#!"#$%&‘()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~ print(‘‘.join(random.sample(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits+string.punctuation,18)))#d4}5c+/m|97e@"16]s s = string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits+string.punctuation print("生成15位随机验证码",‘‘.join(random.sample(s,15)))#"%}l#?t,8c{ei/‘ d = list(range(0,20))#[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] print(d) random.shuffle(d)#洗牌； print(d)#[5, 15, 12, 14, 9, 6, 1, 11, 0, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 4, 3, 7, 8, 2, 16] names = (‘cxz‘,‘cxs‘,‘cxl‘,‘cql‘) print(names)#[‘cxz‘, ‘cxs‘, ‘cxl‘, ‘cql‘] #random.shuffle(names)#洗牌元组 #print(names)#TypeError: ‘tuple‘ object does not support item assignment s = ‘fdsaklfdjsakl;fdsa‘ #random.shuffle(s)# #print(s)#TypeError: ‘str‘ object does not support item assignment #实际运用场景:将员工的姓名全部放到一个list中，年会的时候就可以用来随机抽奖；
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # __Author__:Administrator # Version:python3.6.5 # Date:2018/5/28 0028 7:08 import os print("获取当前的工作目录:",os.getcwd())#C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\LFXC2018\文件操作&函数\模块 #print("返回指定目录下的所有文件和目录名:",os.listdir(‘指定目录‘)) #print("删除指定文件:",os.remove(‘remov.txt‘)) #print("删除指定目录:",os.removedirs(‘指定目录‘)) print("判断是否为文件:",os.path.isfile(‘isfile.txt‘)) print("判断是否为目录:",os.path.isdir(‘isdir‘)) print("判断是否为链接文件（快捷方式）:",os.path.islink(‘my_modules.lnk‘)) print("判断是否为绝对路径:",os.path.isabs(‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018\\文件操作&函数\\模块\\指定目录‘)) print("检验给出的路径是否真实存在:",os.path.exists(‘C:\\Users\\Administrator\\PycharmProjects\\LFXC2018‘)) print("返回一个文件的目录名和文件名:",os.path.split(‘01-常用模块学习-小鸡汤.py‘)) print("分离文件的拓展名:",os.path.splitext(‘my_modules.lnk‘)) print("获取路径名:",os.path.dirname(‘05-常用模块学习-使用国内源下载模块.py‘)) print("获取绝对路径:",os.path.abspath(‘05-常用模块学习-使用国内源下载模块.py‘)) print("运行Shell命令:",os.system(‘dir‘))#DOS命令 #print("运行Shell命令:",os.system(‘df -h‘))#Linux下执行命令正确返回0，不正确返回非0 print("读取操作系统环境变量HOME的值:",os.getenv(‘HOME‘)) print("返回操作系统中所有的环境变量:",os.environ) print("设置系统环境变量，仅程序运行时有效:",os.environ.setdefault(‘HOME‘,‘xxxx‘)) print("给出当前平台使用的行终止符:",os.linesep)# Windows使用‘\r\n‘，Linux and MAC使用‘\n‘ print("指示我们正在使用的平台:",os.name) #print("重命名:",os.rename(‘old.txt‘,‘new.txt‘)) #print("创建多级目录:",os.makedirs(‘c:\\d\\e\\ff‘)) #print("创建单个目录:",os.mkdir(‘c:\\a‘)) print("获取文件属性:",os.stat(‘my_modules.lnk‘)) #print("修改文件权限与时间戳:",os.chmod()) print("获取文件大小:",os.path.getsize(‘10-常用模块学习-datetime模块详解.py‘)) print("结合目录名与文件名:",os.path.join(‘new.txt‘,‘isdir‘)) print("改变工作目录到dirname:",os.chdir(‘work‘)) #print("获取当前终端的大小:",os.get_terminal_size()) #print("杀死进程:",os.kill(10884,signal.SIGKILL))
标签：pop use models osx model 配置文件 smt 对比 SQ
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/tqtl911/p/9095195.html
