7

Diamond Operator(菱形操作符)

You can omitted the type declaration of the right when working with Generics.

Map<String, List<Trade>> trades = new TreeMap<String, List<Trade>> ();

At now, case below is legal:

Map<String, List<Trade>> trades = new TreeMap <> ();

trades = new TreeMap() is legal, but it will make the compiler generaqte a couple of type-safety warnings.

Using strings in switch statements

Switch statements work either with primitive types or enumerated types. Java 7 introduced another type that we can use in Switch statements: the String type.

Automatic resource management

Java 7 has introduced another cool feature to manage the resources automatically. It is simple in operation, too. All we have to do is declare the resources in the try as follows:

try(resources_to_be_cleant){
   // your code
}

There can be multiple statments in the () sperated by semicolumn(;).
Behind the scenes, the resources that should be auto closed must implement java.lang.AutoCloseable interface.The AutoCloseable is the parent of java.io.Closeable interface and has just one method close() that would be called by the JVM when the control comes out of the try block.

Numeric literals with underscores

Java 7 introduced underscores in identifying the places. For example, you can declare 1000 as shown below:
int thousand = 1_000;
Note that binary literals are also introduced in this release too.

Binary Literals with prefix “0b”

In JDK 7, you can express literal values in binary with prefix ‘0b’ (or ‘0B’) for integral types (byte, short, int and long), similar to C/C++ language. Before JDK 7, you can only use octal values (with prefix ‘0’) or hexadecimal values (with prefix ‘0x’ or ‘0X’).

int mask = 0b01010000101;

Improved exception handling

The multiple exceptions are caught in one catch block by using a ‘|’ operator. This way, you do not have to write dozens of exception catches. However, if you have bunch of exceptions that belong to different types, then you could use “multi multi-catch” blocks too.

try{
  methodThatThrowsThreeExceptions();
} catch(ExceptionOne e) {
  // log and deal with ExceptionOne
} catch(ExceptionTwo | ExceptionThree e) {
// log and deal with ExceptionTwo and ExceptionThree
}

New file System API(NIO 2.0)

Working with Path

A new java.nio.file package consists of classes and interfaces such as Path, Paths, FileSystem, FileSystems and others.
A Path is simply a reference to a file path. It is the equivalent (and with more features) to java.io.File.

You can use other utility methods such as Files.copy(..) and Files.move(..) to act on a file system efficiently. Similarly, use the createSymbolicLink(..) method to create symbolic links using your code.

File change notifications

The WatchService API lets you receive notification events upon changes to the subject( directory or file).
Steps involved in implementing the API are:

• Create a WatchService. The service consists of a queue to hold WatchKeys.
• Register the directory/file you wish to monitor with this WatchService.
• While registering, specify the types of events you wish to receive(create, modify or delete events).
• You need to start an infinite loop to listen to events.
• When an event occurs, a WatchKey is placed into the queue.
• Consume the WatchKey and invoke queries on it.

Fork and Join

Java7 introduce a feature that work will be distributed across multiple cores and then joined togather to return the result set, which is called Fork and Join framework.
Basically the Fork-Join breaks the task at hand into mini-tasks until the mini-task is simple enough that it can be solved without further breaakups. It’s like a divide-and-conquer algorithm. One important concept to note in this framework is that ideally no worker thread is idle. They implement a work-stealing algorithm in that idle workers “steal” the work from those workers who are busy.

The core classes supporting the Fork-Join mechanism are ForkJoinPool and ForkJoinTask. The ForkJoinPool is basically a specializzed implmentation of ExecutorService implementing the work-stealing algorithm. The ForkJoinTask handle the problems need to be solved. There are two implmentations of this class out of the box: the RecursiveAction and RecursiveTask. You can extend these classes and override the compute method. The only difference between between them is that the former one does not return a value while the latter returns an object of specified type. Finally, provide the ForkJoinTask to the Executor by calling invoke method on the ForkJoinPool.

Supporting dynamism

In Java 7, a new feature called invokedynamic was introduced. This makes VM changes to incorporate non-Java language requirements. A new package, java.lang.invoke, consisting of classes such as MethodHandle, CallSite and others, has been created to extend the support of dynamic languages.

8

forEach() method in Iterable interface

Java 8 introduced forEach method in java.lang.Iterable interface so that while writing code we focus on business logic only. forEach method takes java.util.function.Consumer object as argument, so it helps in having our business logic at a sperate location that we can reuse.

myList.forEach(new Consumer<Integer>() {
    public void accept(Integer t) {
        System.out.println("forEach anonymous class Value::"+t);
    }

});

default and static method in interfaces

In java8, we can use default and static keyword to create interfaces with method implementation. As to the Diamond Problem, the solution is that compiler will throw exception and we will have to provide implementation logic in the class implementing the interfaces.

菱形问题（diamond problem），就是说，当A的子类B和C同时实现了A中的方法，则同时继承了B和C的子类D在调用该方法时会出现混乱，无法得知该调用哪一个方法。

Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions

An interface with exactly one abstract method becomes Functional Interface. @FunctionalInterface annotation is optional. @FunctionalInterface annotation is a facility to avoid accidental addition of abstract methods in the functional interfaces.
One of the major benefits of functional interface is the possibility to use lambda expressions to instantiate them.

Java Stream API for Bulk Data Operations on Collections

A new java.util.stream has been added in Java8 to perform filter/map/reduce like operations with the collection. Stream API will allow sequential as well as parallel execution.
Collection interface has been extended with stream() and parallelStream() default methods to get the Stream for sequential and parallel execution.

Java Time API

java.time package in Java 8 will streamline the process of working with time in java. It has some sub-packages java.time.format that provides classes to print and parse dates and times and java.time.zone provides support for time-zones and their rules. The new Time API prefers enums over integer constants for months and days of the week. One of useful class is DateTimeFormatter for converting datetime objects to strings.

Collection API improvements

Beside forEach() method and Stream API for collections, there are other new methods:

• Iterator default method forEachRemaining(Consumer action) to perform the given action for each remaning element until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception.
• Collection default method removeId(Predicate filter) to remove all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given predicate.
• Collection spliterator() method returning Spliterator instance that can be used to traverse elements sequentially or parallel.
• Map repllaceAll(), compute(), merge() methods.
• Performance Improvement for HashMap class with Key Collisions.

Concurrency API improvements

• ConcurrentHashMap compute(), forEach(), forEachEntry(), forEachKey(), forEachValue(), merge(), reduce() and search() methods.
• CompletableFuture that may be explicitly completed(setting it’s value and status).
• Executors newWorkStealingPool() method to create a work-stealing thread pool using all available processors as its target parallelism level.

Method References

Method reference can be used as a shorter and more readable alternative for a lambda expression which only calls an existing method. There are four varianrs of method references.

• Reference to s Static Method
  The reference to a static method holds the following syntax:
  ContainingClass::methodName
  e.g:

  boolean isReal = list.stream().anyMatch(User::isRealUser);
  

• Reference to an Instance Method
  The reference to an instance method holds the following syntax:
  containingInstance::methodName
  e.g:

  User user = new User();
  boolean isLegalName = list.stream().antMatch(user::isLegalName);
  

• Reference to an Instance Method of an Object of a Particular Type
  ContainingType::methodName
  e.g:

  long count = list.stream().filter(String::isEmpty).count();
  

• Reference to a Contructor
  ClassName::new
  e.g:

  Stream<User> stream = list.stream().map(User::new);
  

Optional

Java 8 Optional class can help to handle situations where there is a possibility of getting the NullPointerException(NPE). It works as a container for the object of type T. It can return a value of this object if this value is not a null. When the value inside this container is null it allows doing some predefined actions instead of throwing NPE.

Creation of the Optional

• with its static methods

  Optional<String> optional = Optional.empty();
  

• Returns an empty Optional

  String str = "value";
  Optional<String> optional = Optional.of(str);
  

• Returns an Optional which contains a non-null value

  Optional<String> optional = Optional.ofNullable(getString());
  

  Usage examples

  List<String> listOpt = getList().orElseGet(() -> new ArrayList<>());
  

Optional<User> user = Optional.ofNullable(getUser());
String result = user
  .map(User::getAddress)
  .map(Address::getStreet)
  .orElse("not specified");

We used the map() method to convert results of calling the getAddress() to the Optional

String value = null;
Optional<String> valueOpt = Optional.ofNullable(value);
String result = valueOpt.orElseThrow(CustomException::new).toUpperCase();

Java IO improvements

• Files.list(Path dir) that returns a lazily populated Stream, the elements of which are the entries in the directory.
• Files.lines(Path path) that reads all lines from a file as a Stream.
• Files.find() that returns a Stream that is lazily populated with Path by searching for files in a file tree rooted at a given starting file.
• BufferedReader.lines() that return a Stream, the elements of which are lines read from this BufferedReader.

Miscellaneous Core API improvements

• ThreadLocal static method withInitial(Supplier supplier) to create instance easily.
• Comparator interface has been extended with a lot of default and static methods for natural ordering, reverse order etc.
• min(), max() and sum() methods in Integer, Long and Double wrapper classes.
• logicalAnd(), logicalOr() and logicalXor() methods in Boolean class.
• ZipFile.stream() method to get an ordered Stream over the ZIP file entries. Entries appear in the Stream in the order they appear in the central directory of the ZIP file.
• Serveral utility methods in Math class.
• jjs command is added to invoke Nashorn Engine.
• jdeps comomand is added to analyze class files.
• JDBC-ODBC Bridge has been removed.
• PermGen memory space has been removed.

others