标签:cbe tlb idt fragment hl7 编码 cdc sga network
IP编址
1.IP(Internet Protocol 互联网协议协议)
2.网络层
网络层位于数据链路层与传输层之间。网络层包含了许多协议,其中最重要的协议就是IP协议。网络层提供了IP路由功能。理解IP路由除了要熟悉IP协议的工作机制之外,还必须理解IP编制以及如何合理地使用IP地址来设计网络。
注:IP路由功能:跨网络传输数据
![技术分享图片]()
3.IP报文头部
![技术分享图片](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
- 4位版本号:IP协议(IPv4)版本号位4
- 4位头部长度:标识头部有多少个4字节,即最大共15*4个字节
- 8位服务类型:包含一个4位优先权字段:最小延时,最大吞吐量,最高可靠性和最小费用。
- 16位总长度:表示整个IP数据报的长度,最大表示65535,但由于MTU限制,一般无法到达这个值。插分服务模型,做流量优化的
- 16位标识:唯一的标识数据报。系统采用加1的式边发送边赋值。
- 3位标识(保留,DF禁止分片,MF更多分片):所以这个标志是为分片存在,DF设置时禁止分片所以如果数据报太大则发送失败。MF设置时,如果产生分片,除了最后一个分片,其他此片置1。
- 13位分片偏移:分片相对原始IP数据报开始处的偏移。
- 8位生存时间(TTL):数据报到达目的地之前允许经过的路由跳跳数。跳一下减1,得0丢弃。
- 8位协议:用来区分上层协议(ICMP为1,TCP为6,UDP为17)。
- 16位头部校验和:仅以CRC算法检验数据报头部在传输过程中是否损坏。
- 32位源端口IP地址和目的端口地址很明白。
- 选项(可变长):记录路由,告诉途径得所有路由把IP填进来。 时间戳,告诉每个路由器都将数据报被转发的时间传进来。松散路由选择,指定一个路由器IP地址列表,必须按这个表发送,严格路由选择,数据报经过路由表。
4.IP地址
a.IP地址分网络部分和主机部分
网络位:用于识别主机所在的网络
主机位:表示可任意分配给主机使用的IP地址
网络位+主机位=32位
b.IP地址由32个二进制组成,通常用点分十进制形式表示 共4个字节(Byte最小存储单位;bit最小传输速率;1Byte=8bit)
进制表示 | 网络位 | 主机位 |
十进制 |
192.168.1 |
.1 |
二进制 |
11000000.10101000.00000001 |
.00000001 |
c.在IP网络中,二进制和十六进制是常用的编码方式。
![技术分享图片]()
c.1
一个字节八个比特
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 =255
255.255.255.255
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
c.2十进制IP地址和二进制IP地址的转化
![技术分享图片]()
192.168.1.1
【192等于128+64,128和64分别在高位的第一位和第二位,所以第一位和第二位写1,其余的写0】
c.3十六进制IP地址和十进制IP地址的转化
16 32 48 47 11
10 20 30 2F 0b
MAC地址是十六进=进制
5.网络地址和广播地址
![技术分享图片]()
a.主机位为0是网络地址,代表一个网络
主机位为255是广播地址。
在一个网络中,网络地址和广播地址是不能分配给主机使用的。
6.IP地址分类
基于整体范围【0.0.0.0到255.255.255.255】分5类
![技术分享图片]()
IP地址分为五类,A类保留给政府机构,B类分配给中等规模的公司,C类分配给任何需要的人,D类用于组播,E类用于实验,各类可容纳的地址数目不同。
A、B、C三类IP地址的特征:当将IP地址写成二进制形式时,A类地址的第一位总是0,B类地址的前两位总是10,C类地址的前三位总是110。
A类地址
(1)A类地址第1字节为网络地址,其它3个字节为主机地址。它的第1个字节的第一位固定为0.
(2)A类地址网络号范围:1.0.0.0---126.0.0.0
(3)A类地址中的私有地址和保留地址:
① 10.X.X.X是私有地址(所谓的私有地址就是在互联网上不使用,而被用在局域网络中的地址)。
范围(10.0.0.0---10.255.255.255)
② 127.X.X.X是保留地址,用做循环测试用的。
(4)单播,一对一图形
B类地址
(1) B类地址第1字节和第2字节为网络地址,其它2个字节为主机地址。它的第1个字节的前两位固定为10.
(2) B类地址网络号范围:128.0.0.0---191.255.0.0。
(3) B类地址的私有地址和保留地址
① 172.16.0.0---172.31.255.255是私有地址
② 169.254.X.X是保留地址。如果你的IP地址是自动获取IP地址,而你在网络上又没有找到可用的DHCP服务器。就会得到其中一个IP。
191.255.255.255是广播地址,不能分配。
(4)单播,一对一图形
C类地址
(1)C类地址第1字节、第2字节和第3个字节为网络地址,第4个字节为主机地址。另外第1个字节的前三位固定为110。
(2)C类地址网络号范围:192.0.0.0---223.255.255.0。
(3) C类地址中的私有地址:
192.168.X.X是私有地址。(192.168.0.0---192.168.255.255)
(4)单播,一对一图形
D类地址
(1) D类地址不分网络地址和主机地址,它的第1个字节的前四位固定为1110。
(2) D类
地址范围:224.0.0.0---239.255.255.255
(3)组播,一对多
E类地址
(1) E类地址不分网络地址和主机地址,它的第1个字节的前五位固定为11110。
(2) E类地址范围:240.0.0.0---255.255.255.254
IP地址如果只使用ABCDE类来划分,会造成大量的浪费:一个有500台主机的网络,无法使用C类地址。但如果使用一个B类地址,6万多个主机地址只有500个被使用,造成IP地址的大量浪费。因此,IP地址还支持VLSM技术,可以在ABC类网络的基础上,进一步划分子网。
(3)保留
无类地址
除ABCDE以外的IP地址段划分方式,如:192.168.1.0 255.255.255.252等分成C段划分的地址
特殊的网址
(1)每一个字节都为0的地址(“0.0.0.0”)对应于当前主机;
(2)IP地址中的每一个字节都为1的IP地址(“255.255.255.255”)是当前子网的广播地址;
(3)IP地址中凡是以“11110”开头的E类IP地址都保留用于将来和实验使用。
(4)IP地址中不能以十进制“127”作为开头,该类地址中数字127.0.0.1到127.255.255.255用于回路测试,如:127.0.0.1可以代表本机IP地址,用“http://127.0.0.1”就可以测试本机中配置的Web服务器。127.代表本机地址和网卡
(5)网络ID的第一个8位组也不能全置为“0”,全“0”表示本地网络。0.0.0.0没有IP地址或者代表全部IP地址
7.公有IP地址,私有IP地址
![技术分享图片]()
私有地址(Private address)属于非注册地址,专门为组织机构内部使用。
以下列出留用的内部私有地址
A类 10.0.0.0--10.255.255.255
B类 172.16.0.0--172.31.255.255
C类 192.168.0.0--192.168.255.255
8.如何识别主机位和网络位
利用子网掩码
(1)子网掩码不能单独存在,它必须结合IP地址一起使用。子网掩码只有一个作用,就是将某个IP地址划分成网络地址和主机地址两部分。点分十进制,二进制换算
(2)屏蔽一个IP地址的网络部分的“全1”比特模式。对于A类地址来说,默认的子网掩码是255.0.0.0;对于B类地址来说默认的子网掩码是255.255.0.0;对于C类地址来说默认的子网掩码是255.255.255.0。
(3)子网掩码为1所对应的IP地址部分就是网络,子网掩码为0所对应的IP地址部分就是主机位。
类别 | IP | 网络位 | 主机位 | 子网掩码 |
A类 |
10.1.1.1 |
8 |
24 |
255.0.0.0 |
B类 |
172.16.1.1 |
16 |
16 |
255.255.0.0 |
C类 |
192.168.1.1 |
24 |
8 |
255.255.255.0 |
eg:
IP地址(十进制):192.168.1.1
IP地址(二进制):11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
子网掩码: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
所以前24个1代表网络位,后8个0代表主机位
192.168.1.0/24 网络位标识一个网络
192.168.1.255/24 广播地址
9.网络通信
![技术分享图片]()
C类地址默认主机位24,子网掩码,得出网络地址
192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0
192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.0
IP | 子网掩码 | 网络 |
192.168.1.1 |
255.255.255.0 |
192.168.1.0 |
192.168.2.1 |
255.255.255.0 |
192.168.2.0 |
子网掩码存在的意义:
就是区分IP地址属于哪一个网络;根据子网掩码区分IP地址的网络位和主机位;根据网络位得出网络地址,网段,判断IP地址是否属于同一个网络。
10.IP地址数量
IP地址整体范围:192.168.1.00000000 到 192.168.1.111111111及192.168.1.0-192.168.1.255 这些一共是156个IP地址 , 2的8次方。又因为192.168.1.0是网络地址192.168.255是广播地址,是特殊地址,不能当做IP地址使用。所以可用IP地址2的8次方减2等于254。
主机数:2的n次方
求可用的IP地址(可用主机数)公式:2的n次方减2 (n代表主机位)
11.有类IP地址的缺陷
![技术分享图片]()
在设计网络时使用有类IP地址会造成地址的浪费。
A.60个主机的机房,2~n-2>=60 推出主机位n=6,网络位26
及192.168.1.0/26
子网位
(1)192.168.1.|00|000000 192.168.1.0/26
192.168.1.|00|000000 到192.168.1.|00|111111
范围内所有的IP地址:192.168.1.0到192.168.1.63
可用的IP地址:192.168.1.1到192.168.1.62
(2)192.168.1.|01|000000 192.168.1.64/26
192.168.1.|01|000000 到192.168.1.|01|111111
范围内所有的IP地址:192.168.1.64到192.168.1.127
可用的IP地址:92.168.1.65到192.168.1.126
(3)192.168.1.|10|000000 192.168.1.128/26
(4)192.168.1.|11|000000 192.168.1.192/26
B.30个主机的机房,2~n-2>=30 推出主机位n=5,网络位27
192.168.1.0/27 8个子网
192.168.1.|000| 00000/27
192.168.1.|001| 00000/27
192.168.1.|010| 00000/27
192.168.1.|011| 00000/27
192.168.1.|100| 00000/27
192.168.1.|101| 00000/27
192.168.1.|110| 00000/27
192.168.1.|111| 00000/27
eg;
192.168.1|111|00000/27
范围内所有的IP地址:192.168.1.224 到192.168.1.255
可用的IP地址:192.168.1.225 到192.168.1.254
子网掩码越长表示主机位越少,子网掩码越短表示主机位越多.
可变长子网掩码 VLSM技术
12.无类域间路由CIDR(Classless Inter Domain Routing)及路由聚合 ,路由汇总
![技术分享图片]()
通告路由包含那四个网络,它一个的网络位和那四个的一样,子网掩码变短
子网掩码:10.24.0.0/22 10.24.000000 00.00000000/22 这一个网络代表下面四个网络
10.24.0.0/24 10.24.000000 00.00000000/24
10.24.0.0/24 10.24.000000 01.00000000/24
10.24.0.0/24 10.24.000000 10.00000000/24
10.24.0.0/24 10.24.000000 11.00000000/24
13网关:,网关(Gateway)就是一个网络连接到另一个网络的“关口”。也就是网络关卡用来转发不同网段之间的数据包,路由器是网关的一种。
14.IP包分片
![技术分享图片]()
互联网协议允许IP分片,这样的话,当数据包比链路最大传输单元大时,就可以被分解为很多的足够小片段,以便能够在其上进行传输
产生原因
链路层具有最大传输单元MTU这个特性,它限制了数据帧的最大长度,不同的网络类型都有一个上限值。以太网的MTU是1500,你可以用 netstat -i 命令查看这个值。如果IP层有数据包要传,而且数据包的长度超过了MTU,那么IP层就要对数据包进行分片(fragmentation)操作,使每一片的长度都小于或等于MTU。我们假设要传输一个UDP数据包,以太网的MTU为1500字节,一般IP首部为20字节,UDP首部为8字节,数据的净荷(payload)部分预留是1500-20-8=1472字节。如果数据部分大于1472字节,就会出现分片现象。
MTU最大传输字节是1500字节。东西太多,分片发送再组合成一个整体需要用到IP报文中
dentification标识: flags标志 fragment offset片偏移
15.生存时间
![技术分享图片]()
TTL防环路
16.协议号
ICMP UDP TCP
IP编址
标签:cbe tlb idt fragment hl7 编码 cdc sga network
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ChunlongZhao/p/9322788.html