一、用法
ThreadLocal用于保存某个线程共享变量:对于同一个static ThreadLocal,不同线程只能从中get,set,remove自己的变量,而不会影响其他线程的变量。
1、ThreadLocal.get: 获取ThreadLocal中当前线程共享变量的值。
2、ThreadLocal.set: 设置ThreadLocal中当前线程共享变量的值。
3、ThreadLocal.remove: 移除ThreadLocal中当前线程共享变量的值。
4、ThreadLocal.initialValue: ThreadLocal没有被当前线程赋值时或当前线程刚调用remove方法后调用get方法,返回此方法值。
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package com.coshaho.reflect;/** * ThreadLocal用法 * @author coshaho * */public class MyThreadLocal {    private static final ThreadLocal<Object> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Object>(){        /**         * ThreadLocal没有被当前线程赋值时或当前线程刚调用remove方法后调用get方法,返回此方法值         */        @Override        protected Object initialValue()        {            System.out.println("调用get方法时,当前线程共享变量没有设置,调用initialValue获取默认值!");            return null;        }    };         public static void main(String[] args)    {        new Thread(new MyIntegerTask("IntegerTask1")).start();        new Thread(new MyStringTask("StringTask1")).start();        new Thread(new MyIntegerTask("IntegerTask2")).start();        new Thread(new MyStringTask("StringTask2")).start();    }         public static class MyIntegerTask implements Runnable    {        private String name;                 MyIntegerTask(String name)        {            this.name = name;        }        @Override        public void run()         {            for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)            {                // ThreadLocal.get方法获取线程变量                if(null == MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.get())                {                    // ThreadLocal.et方法设置线程变量                    MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.set(0);                    System.out.println("线程" + name + ": 0");                }                else                {                    int num = (Integer)MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.get();                    MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.set(num + 1);                    System.out.println("线程" + name + ": " + MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.get());                    if(i == 3)                    {                        MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.remove();                    }                }                try                {                    Thread.sleep(1000);                }                catch (InterruptedException e)                {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }           }             }         public static class MyStringTask implements Runnable    {        private String name;                 MyStringTask(String name)        {            this.name = name;        }        @Override        public void run()         {            for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)            {                if(null == MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.get())                {                    MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.set("a");                    System.out.println("线程" + name + ": a");                }                else                {                    String str = (String)MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.get();                    MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.set(str + "a");                    System.out.println("线程" + name + ": " + MyThreadLocal.threadLocal.get());                }                try                {                    Thread.sleep(800);                }                catch (InterruptedException e)                {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }        }             }<strong>}</strong> | 
运行结果如下:
调用get方法时,当前线程共享变量没有设置,调用initialValue获取默认值!线程IntegerTask1: 0调用get方法时,当前线程共享变量没有设置,调用initialValue获取默认值!线程IntegerTask2: 0调用get方法时,当前线程共享变量没有设置,调用initialValue获取默认值!调用get方法时,当前线程共享变量没有设置,调用initialValue获取默认值!线程StringTask1: a线程StringTask2: a线程StringTask1: aa线程StringTask2: aa线程IntegerTask1: 1线程IntegerTask2: 1线程StringTask1: aaa线程StringTask2: aaa线程IntegerTask2: 2线程IntegerTask1: 2线程StringTask2: aaaa线程StringTask1: aaaa线程IntegerTask2: 3线程IntegerTask1: 3线程StringTask1: aaaaa线程StringTask2: aaaaa调用get方法时,当前线程共享变量没有设置,调用initialValue获取默认值!线程IntegerTask2: 0调用get方法时,当前线程共享变量没有设置,调用initialValue获取默认值!线程IntegerTask1: 0 | 
二、原理
线程共享变量缓存如下:
Thread.ThreadLocalMap<ThreadLocal, Object>;
1、Thread: 当前线程,可以通过Thread.currentThread()获取。
2、ThreadLocal:我们的static ThreadLocal变量。
3、Object: 当前线程共享变量。
我们调用ThreadLocal.get方法时,实际上是从当前线程中获取ThreadLocalMap<ThreadLocal, Object>,然后根据当前ThreadLocal获取当前线程共享变量Object。
ThreadLocal.set,ThreadLocal.remove实际上是同样的道理。
这种存储结构的好处:
1、线程死去的时候,线程共享变量ThreadLocalMap则销毁。
2、ThreadLocalMap<ThreadLocal,Object>键值对数量为ThreadLocal的数量,一般来说ThreadLocal数量很少,相比在ThreadLocal中用Map<Thread, Object>键值对存储线程共享变量(Thread数量一般来说比ThreadLocal数量多),性能提高很多。
关于ThreadLocalMap<ThreadLocal, Object>弱引用问题:
当线程没有结束,但是ThreadLocal已经被回收,则可能导致线程中存在ThreadLocalMap<null, Object>的键值对,造成内存泄露。(ThreadLocal被回收,ThreadLocal关联的线程共享变量还存在)。
虽然ThreadLocal的get,set方法可以清除ThreadLocalMap中key为null的value,但是get,set方法在内存泄露后并不会必然调用,所以为了防止此类情况的出现,我们有两种手段。
1、使用完线程共享变量后,显示调用ThreadLocalMap.remove方法清除线程共享变量;
2、JDK建议ThreadLocal定义为private static,这样ThreadLocal的弱引用问题则不存在了。
源码分析参考:
http://qifuguang.me/2015/09/02/[Java%E5%B9%B6%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%85%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E4%B8%83]%E8%A7%A3%E5%AF%86ThreadLocal/