protected synchronized long nextId() {
        long currentSecond = getCurrentSecond();

        // Clock moved backwards, refuse to generate uid
        if (currentSecond < lastSecond) {
            long refusedSeconds = lastSecond - currentSecond;
            throw new UidGenerateException("Clock moved backwards. Refusing for %d seconds", refusedSeconds);
        }

        // At the same second, increase sequence
        if (currentSecond == lastSecond) {
            sequence = (sequence + 1) & bitsAllocator.getMaxSequence();
            // Exceed the max sequence, we wait the next second to generate uid
            if (sequence == 0) {
                currentSecond = getNextSecond(lastSecond);
            }

        // At the different second, sequence restart from zero
        } else {
            sequence = 0L;
        }

        lastSecond = currentSecond;

        // Allocate bits for UID
        return bitsAllocator.allocate(currentSecond - epochSeconds, workerId, sequence);
    }

   @Override
    public long getUID() {
        try {
            return ringBuffer.take();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            LOGGER.error("Generate unique id exception. ", e);
            throw new UidGenerateException(e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Padding buffer fill the slots until to catch the cursor
     */
    public void paddingBuffer() {
        LOGGER.info("Ready to padding buffer lastSecond:{}. {}", lastSecond.get(), ringBuffer);

        // is still running
        if (!running.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
            LOGGER.info("Padding buffer is still running. {}", ringBuffer);
            return;
        }

        // fill the rest slots until to catch the cursor
        boolean isFullRingBuffer = false;
        while (!isFullRingBuffer) {
            //获取生成的id，放到RingBuffer中。
            List<Long> uidList = uidProvider.provide(lastSecond.incrementAndGet());
            for (Long uid : uidList) {
                isFullRingBuffer = !ringBuffer.put(uid);
                if (isFullRingBuffer) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        // not running now
        running.compareAndSet(true, false);
        LOGGER.info("End to padding buffer lastSecond:{}. {}", lastSecond.get(), ringBuffer);
    }

    /**
     * Get the UIDs in the same specified second under the max sequence
     * 
     * @param currentSecond
     * @return UID list, size of {@link BitsAllocator#getMaxSequence()} + 1
     */
    protected List<Long> nextIdsForOneSecond(long currentSecond) {
        // Initialize result list size of (max sequence + 1)
        int listSize = (int) bitsAllocator.getMaxSequence() + 1;
        List<Long> uidList = new ArrayList<>(listSize);

        // Allocate the first sequence of the second, the others can be calculated with the offset
        //这里的实现很取巧
        //因为1秒内生成的id是连续的，所以利用第1个id来生成后面的id，而不用频繁调用snowflake算法
        long firstSeqUid = bitsAllocator.allocate(currentSecond - epochSeconds, workerId, 0L);
        for (int offset = 0; offset < listSize; offset++) {
            uidList.add(firstSeqUid + offset);
        }

        return uidList;
    } 

    //数组在物理上是连续存储的，flags数组用来保存id的状态（是否可消费、是否可填充），在填入id和消费id时，会被频繁的修改。
    //如果不进行缓存行填充，会导致频繁的缓存行失效，直接从内存中读数据。
    private final PaddedAtomicLong[] flags;

    //tail和cursor都使用缓存行填充，是为了避免tail和cursor落到同一个缓存行上。
    /** Tail: last position sequence to produce */
    private final AtomicLong tail = new PaddedAtomicLong(START_POINT);

    /** Cursor: current position sequence to consume */
    private final AtomicLong cursor = new PaddedAtomicLong(START_POINT)

/**
 * Represents a padded {@link AtomicLong} to prevent the FalseSharing problem<p>
 * 
 * The CPU cache line commonly be 64 bytes, here is a sample of cache line after padding:<br>
 * 64 bytes = 8 bytes (object reference) + 6 * 8 bytes (padded long) + 8 bytes (a long value)
 * @author yutianbao
 */
public class PaddedAtomicLong extends AtomicLong {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3415778863941386253L;

    /** Padded 6 long (48 bytes) */
    public volatile long p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6 = 7L;

    /**
     * Constructors from {@link AtomicLong}
     */
    public PaddedAtomicLong() {
        super();
    }

    public PaddedAtomicLong(long initialValue) {
        super(initialValue);
    }

    /**
     * To prevent GC optimizations for cleaning unused padded references
     */
    public long sumPaddingToPreventOptimization() {
        return p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5 + p6;
    }

}