标签:sub range context http char plot color array tar
同为降维工具,二者的主要区别在于,
因此更为一般的处理,尤其在展示(可视化)高维数据时,常常先用 PCA 进行降维,再使用 tsne:
data_pca = PCA(n_components=50).fit_transform(data)
data_pca_tsne = TSNE(n_components=2).fit_transform(data_pca)
t-SNE(t-distribution Stochastic Neighbor Embedding)是目前最为流行的高维数据的降维算法。
t-SNE 成立的前提基于这样的一个假设:我们现实世界观察到的数据集,都在本质上有一种低维的特性(low intrinsic dimensionality),尽管它们嵌入在高维空间中,甚至可以说,高维数据经过降维后,在低维状态下,更能显现其本质特性,这其实也是流形学习(Manifold Learning)的基本思想。
原始论文请见,论文链接(pdf)。
import 必要的库;
import numpy as np
from numpy import linalg
from numpy.linalg import norm
from scipy.spatial.distance import squareform, pdist
# We import sklearn.
import sklearn
from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.preprocessing import scale
# We‘ll hack a bit with the t-SNE code in sklearn 0.15.2.
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import pairwise_distances
from sklearn.manifold.t_sne import (_joint_probabilities,
_kl_divergence)
from sklearn.utils.extmath import _ravel
# Random state.
RS = 20150101
# We‘ll use matplotlib for graphics.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patheffects as PathEffects
import matplotlib
%matplotlib inline
# We import seaborn to make nice plots.
import seaborn as sns
sns.set_style(‘darkgrid‘)
sns.set_palette(‘muted‘)
sns.set_context("notebook", font_scale=1.5,
rc={"lines.linewidth": 2.5})
# We‘ll generate an animation with matplotlib and moviepy.
from moviepy.video.io.bindings import mplfig_to_npimage
import moviepy.editor as mpy
加载数据集
digits = load_digits()
# digits.data.shape ⇒ (1797L, 64L)
调用 sklearn 工具箱中的 t-SNE 类
X = np.vstack([digits.data[digits.target==i]
for i in range(10)])
y = np.hstack([digits.target[digits.target==i]
for i in range(10)])
digits_proj = TSNE(random_state=RS).fit_transform(X)
# digits_proj:(1797L, 2L),ndarray 类型
可视化
def scatter(x, colors):
# We choose a color palette with seaborn.
palette = np.array(sns.color_palette("hls", 10))
# We create a scatter plot.
f = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
ax = plt.subplot(aspect=‘equal‘)
sc = ax.scatter(x[:,0], x[:,1], lw=0, s=40,
c=palette[colors.astype(np.int)])
plt.xlim(-25, 25)
plt.ylim(-25, 25)
ax.axis(‘off‘)
ax.axis(‘tight‘)
# We add the labels for each digit.
txts = []
for i in range(10):
# Position of each label.
xtext, ytext = np.median(x[colors == i, :], axis=0)
txt = ax.text(xtext, ytext, str(i), fontsize=24)
txt.set_path_effects([
PathEffects.Stroke(linewidth=5, foreground="w"),
PathEffects.Normal()])
txts.append(txt)
return f, ax, sc, txts
scatter(digits_proj, y)
plt.savefig(‘images/digits_tsne-generated.png‘, dpi=120)
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标签:sub range context http char plot color array tar
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/siwnhwxh/p/10466859.html