简介
WTForms是一个支持多个web框架的form组件，主要用于对用户请求数据进行验证。
安装：
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pip3 install wtforms |
用户登录注册示例
1. 用户登录
当用户登录时候，需要对用户提交的用户名和密码进行多种格式校验。如：
密码不能为空；密码长度必须大于12；密码必须包含 字母、数字、特殊字符等（自定义正则）；
app.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
from wtforms import Form
from wtforms.fields import core
from wtforms.fields import html5
from wtforms.fields import simple
from wtforms import validators
from wtforms import widgets
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder=‘templates‘)
app.debug = True
class LoginForm(Form):
name = simple.StringField(
label=‘用户名‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘用户名不能为空.‘),
validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message=‘用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d‘)
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
pwd = simple.PasswordField(
label=‘密码‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘密码不能为空.‘),
validators.Length(min=8, message=‘用户名长度必须大于%(min)d‘),
validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-z\d$@$!%*?&]{8,}",
message=‘密码至少8个字符，至少1个大写字母，1个小写字母，1个数字和1个特殊字符‘)
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
@app.route(‘/login‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘])
def login():
if request.method == ‘GET‘:
form = LoginForm()
return render_template(‘login.html‘, form=form)
else:
form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form)
if form.validate():
print(‘用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：‘, form.data)
else:
print(form.errors)
return render_template(‘login.html‘, form=form)
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
app.run()
app.py
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录</h1>
<form method="post">
<!--<input type="text" name="name">-->
<p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p>
<!--<input type="password" name="pwd">-->
<p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
login.html
2. 用户注册
注册页面需要让用户输入：用户名、密码、密码重复、性别、爱好等。
app.py
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
from wtforms import Form
from wtforms.fields import core
from wtforms.fields import html5
from wtforms.fields import simple
from wtforms import validators
from wtforms import widgets
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder=‘templates‘)
app.debug = True
class RegisterForm(Form):
name = simple.StringField(
label=‘用户名‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired()
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘},
default=‘alex‘
)
pwd = simple.PasswordField(
label=‘密码‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘密码不能为空.‘)
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField(
label=‘重复密码‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘重复密码不能为空.‘),
validators.EqualTo(‘pwd‘, message="两次密码输入不一致")
],
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
email = html5.EmailField(
label=‘邮箱‘,
validators=[
validators.DataRequired(message=‘邮箱不能为空.‘),
validators.Email(message=‘邮箱格式错误‘)
],
widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type=‘email‘),
render_kw={‘class‘: ‘form-control‘}
)
gender = core.RadioField(
label=‘性别‘,
choices=(
(1, ‘男‘),
(2, ‘女‘),
),
coerce=int
)
city = core.SelectField(
label=‘城市‘,
choices=(
(‘bj‘, ‘北京‘),
(‘sh‘, ‘上海‘),
)
)
hobby = core.SelectMultipleField(
label=‘爱好‘,
choices=(
(1, ‘篮球‘),
(2, ‘足球‘),
),
coerce=int
)
favor = core.SelectMultipleField(
label=‘喜好‘,
choices=(
(1, ‘篮球‘),
(2, ‘足球‘),
),
widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False),
option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(),
coerce=int,
default=[1, 2]
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.favor.choices = ((1, ‘篮球‘), (2, ‘足球‘), (3, ‘羽毛球‘))
def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field):
"""
自定义pwd_confirm字段规则，例：与pwd字段是否一致
:param field:
:return:
"""
# 最开始初始化时，self.data中已经有所有的值
if field.data != self.data[‘pwd‘]:
# raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证
raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致") # 不再继续后续验证
@app.route(‘/register‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘])
def register():
if request.method == ‘GET‘:
form = RegisterForm(data={‘gender‘: 1})
return render_template(‘register.html‘, form=form)
else:
form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form)
if form.validate():
print(‘用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：‘, form.data)
else:
print(form.errors)
return render_template(‘register.html‘, form=form)
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
app.run()
app.py
register.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>用户注册</h1>
<form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0 50px">
{% for item in form %}
<p>{{item.label}}: {{item}} {{item.errors[0] }}</p>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
register.html
示例下载：点击这里
3. meta
View Code
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, session
from wtforms import Form
from wtforms.csrf.core import CSRF
from wtforms.fields import core
from wtforms.fields import html5
from wtforms.fields import simple
from wtforms import validators
from wtforms import widgets
from hashlib import md5
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder=‘templates‘)
app.debug = True
class MyCSRF(CSRF):
"""
Generate a CSRF token based on the user‘s IP. I am probably not very
secure, so don‘t use me.
"""
def setup_form(self, form):
self.csrf_context = form.meta.csrf_context()
self.csrf_secret = form.meta.csrf_secret
return super(MyCSRF, self).setup_form(form)
def generate_csrf_token(self, csrf_token):
gid = self.csrf_secret + self.csrf_context
token = md5(gid.encode(‘utf-8‘)).hexdigest()
return token
def validate_csrf_token(self, form, field):
print(field.data, field.current_token)
if field.data != field.current_token:
raise ValueError(‘Invalid CSRF‘)
class TestForm(Form):
name = html5.EmailField(label=‘用户名‘)
pwd = simple.StringField(label=‘密码‘)
class Meta:
# -- CSRF
# 是否自动生成CSRF标签
csrf = True
# 生成CSRF标签name
csrf_field_name = ‘csrf_token‘
# 自动生成标签的值，加密用的csrf_secret
csrf_secret = ‘xxxxxx‘
# 自动生成标签的值，加密用的csrf_context
csrf_context = lambda x: request.url
# 生成和比较csrf标签
csrf_class = MyCSRF
# -- i18n
# 是否支持本地化
# locales = False
locales = (‘zh‘, ‘en‘)
# 是否对本地化进行缓存
cache_translations = True
# 保存本地化缓存信息的字段
translations_cache = {}
@app.route(‘/index/‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘])
def index():
if request.method == ‘GET‘:
form = TestForm()
else:
form = TestForm(formdata=request.form)
if form.validate():
print(form)
return render_template(‘index.html‘, form=form)
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
app.run()
其他：
1. metaclass
示例一
class MyType(type):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print(‘MyType创建类‘,self)
super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
obj = super(MyType, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
print(‘类创建对象‘, self, obj)
return obj
class Foo(object,metaclass=MyType):
user = ‘wupeiqi‘
age = 18
obj = Foo()
示例一
示例二
class MyType(type):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
v = dir(cls)
obj = super(MyType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return obj
class Foo(MyType(‘MyType‘, (object,), {})):
user = ‘wupeiqi‘
age = 18
obj = Foo()
示例二
示例三
class MyType(type):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MyType, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
v = dir(cls)
obj = super(MyType, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return obj
def with_metaclass(arg,base):
return MyType(‘MyType‘, (base,), {})
class Foo(with_metaclass(MyType,object)):
user = ‘wupeiqi‘
age = 18
obj = Foo()
示例三
2. 实例化流程分析
View Code
# 源码流程
1. 执行type的 __call__ 方法，读取字段到静态字段 cls._unbound_fields 中； meta类读取到cls._wtforms_meta中
2. 执行构造方法
a. 循环cls._unbound_fields中的字段，并执行字段的bind方法，然后将返回值添加到 self._fields[name] 中。
即：
_fields = {
name: wtforms.fields.core.StringField(),
}
PS：由于字段中的__new__方法，实例化时：name = simple.StringField(label=‘用户名‘)，创建的是UnboundField(cls, *args, **kwargs)，当执行完bind之后，才变成执行 wtforms.fields.core.StringField()
b. 循环_fields，为对象设置属性
for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
# Set all the fields to attributes so that they obscure the class
# attributes with the same names.
setattr(self, name, field)
c. 执行process，为字段设置默认值：self.process(formdata, obj, data=data, **kwargs)
优先级：obj,data,formdata;
再循环执行每个字段的process方法，为每个字段设置值：
for name, field, in iteritems(self._fields):
if obj is not None and hasattr(obj, name):
field.process(formdata, getattr(obj, name))
elif name in kwargs:
field.process(formdata, kwargs[name])
else:
field.process(formdata)
执行每个字段的process方法，为字段的data和字段的raw_data赋值
def process(self, formdata, data=unset_value):
self.process_errors = []
if data is unset_value:
try:
data = self.default()
except TypeError:
data = self.default
self.object_data = data
try:
self.process_data(data)
except ValueError as e:
self.process_errors.append(e.args[0])
if formdata:
try:
if self.name in formdata:
self.raw_data = formdata.getlist(self.name)
else:
self.raw_data = []
self.process_formdata(self.raw_data)
except ValueError as e:
self.process_errors.append(e.args[0])
try:
for filter in self.filters:
self.data = filter(self.data)
except ValueError as e:
self.process_errors.append(e.args[0])
d. 页面上执行print(form.name) 时，打印标签
因为执行了：
字段的 __str__ 方法
字符的 __call__ 方法
self.meta.render_field(self, kwargs)
def render_field(self, field, render_kw):
other_kw = getattr(field, ‘render_kw‘, None)
if other_kw is not None:
render_kw = dict(other_kw, **render_kw)
return field.widget(field, **render_kw)
执行字段的插件对象的 __call__ 方法，返回标签字符串
3. 验证流程分析
View Code
a. 执行form的validate方法，获取钩子方法
def validate(self):
extra = {}
for name in self._fields:
inline = getattr(self.__class__, ‘validate_%s‘ % name, None)
if inline is not None:
extra[name] = [inline]
return super(Form, self).validate(extra)
b. 循环每一个字段，执行字段的 validate 方法进行校验(参数传递了钩子函数)
def validate(self, extra_validators=None):
self._errors = None
success = True
for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
if extra_validators is not None and name in extra_validators:
extra = extra_validators[name]
else:
extra = tuple()
if not field.validate(self, extra):
success = False
return success
c. 每个字段进行验证时候
字段的pre_validate 【预留的扩展】
字段的_run_validation_chain，对正则和字段的钩子函数进行校验
字段的post_validate【预留的扩展】
动态从数据库里‘热取值’的问题
如果form字段中有选择框或者下拉菜单选项，并且选择框的值是需要从数据库获得的，我们一般这样写：
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from wtforms import Formfrom wtforms.fields import simple,corefrom models import Userclass RegisterForm(Form): name = simple.StringField( label=‘用户名‘ ) addr = core.SelectField( label=‘地址‘, choices=‘此处为SQL或者ORM查询语句‘ ) |
这样写的问题是，当数据库的值有所变更（新添、修改或者删除）时，页面刷新后还是原来查询的结果，
这是因为，addr对于RegisterForm来说是一个静态属性，而静态属性只有在程序启动的时候执行一次，
所以查询语句也就执行了一次，如果要获取最新数据库的数据，就需要重新启动程序了。
但是，我们可以通过重写__init__()方法的形式，让查询语句在每次实例化RegisterForm（刷新页面）的时候就执行一次，如下：
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from wtforms import Formfrom wtforms.fields import simple,corefrom models import Userclass RegisterForm(Form): name = simple.StringField( label=‘用户名‘ ) addr = core.SelectField( label=‘地址‘, choices=() # 这里先放一个空元组 ) def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): # 先执行父类的__init__()方法 super(RegisterForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs) # 还有一种方法可以执行父类的__init__方法：Form.__init__(self) # 第二种方法更直观，但是第一种方法可以一次性执行其所有父类的__init__方法， # 而第二种方法只能执行Form这一个类的__init__方法，如果有多个父类就不行 # 执行查询语句，将结果赋值给addr属性 self.fields[‘addr‘].choice = ‘查询语句‘ |
这样，每次页面刷新，都会执行视图函数，而视图函数中会实例化一个RegisterForm对象，用来传递给页面，
实例化的时候就会执行__init__方法，从而执行查询语句，获取的数据即为最新的数据。
这里是用Flask框架做示例，Django也是一样的道理
