==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空


mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field ‘id‘ doesn‘t have a default value



==================default====================
#设置id字段有默认值后，则无论id字段是null还是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;



==================综合练习====================
mysql> create table student(
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
    -> sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘,
    -> hobby set(‘play‘,‘study‘,‘read‘,‘music‘) default ‘play,music‘
    -> );
mysql> desc student;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
| age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
| sex   | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘)              | YES  |     | male       |       |
| hobby | set(‘play‘,‘study‘,‘read‘,‘music‘) | YES  |     | play,music |       |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘chao‘);
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-----+------+------------+
| name | age | sex  | hobby      |
+------+-----+------+------------+
| chao|  18 | male | play,music |
+------+-----+------+------------+

not null和default测试

 1 create table service(
 2 id int primary key auto_increment,
 3 name varchar(20),
 4 host varchar(15) not null,
 5 port int not null,
 6 unique(host,port) #联合唯一
 7 );
 8 
 9 mysql> insert into service values
10     -> (1,‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80),
11     -> (2,‘haproxy‘,‘192.168.0.20‘,80),
12     -> (3,‘mysql‘,‘192.168.0.30‘,3306)
13     -> ;
14 Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
15 Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
16 
17 mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values(‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80);
18 ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘192.168.0.10-80‘ for key ‘host‘
19 
20 联合唯一

 1 #不指定id，则自动增长
 2 create table student(
 3 id int primary key auto_increment,
 4 name varchar(20),
 5 sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
 6 );
 7 
 8 mysql> desc student;
 9 +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
10 | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
11 +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
12 | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
13 | name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
14 | sex   | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | YES  |     | male    |                |
15 +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
16 mysql> insert into student(name) values
17     -> (‘egon‘),
18     -> (‘alex‘)
19     -> ;
20 
21 mysql> select * from student;
22 +----+------+------+
23 | id | name | sex  |
24 +----+------+------+
25 |  1 | egon | male |
26 |  2 | alex | male |
27 +----+------+------+
28 
29 
30 #也可以指定id
31 mysql> insert into student values(4,‘asb‘,‘female‘);
32 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
33 
34 mysql> insert into student values(7,‘wsb‘,‘female‘);
35 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
36 
37 mysql> select * from student;
38 +----+------+--------+
39 | id | name | sex    |
40 +----+------+--------+
41 |  1 | egon | male   |
42 |  2 | alex | male   |
43 |  4 | asb  | female |
44 |  7 | wsb  | female |
45 +----+------+--------+
46 
47 
48 #对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
49 mysql> delete from student;
50 Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
51 
52 mysql> select * from student;
53 Empty set (0.00 sec)
54 
55 mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘ysb‘);
56 mysql> select * from student;
57 +----+------+------+
58 | id | name | sex  |
59 +----+------+------+
60 |  8 | ysb  | male |
61 +----+------+------+
62 
63 #应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它
64 mysql> truncate student;
65 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
66 
67 mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘);
68 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
69 
70 mysql> select * from student;
71 +----+------+------+
72 | id | name | sex  |
73 +----+------+------+
74 |  1 | egon | male |
75 +----+------+------+
76 row in set (0.00 sec)
77 
78 auto_increment测试

#在创建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
    -> );

mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8


#也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
)auto_increment=3;




#设置步长
sqlserver：自增步长
    基于表级别
    create table t1（
        id int。。。
    ）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8

mysql自增的步长：
    show session variables like ‘auto_inc%‘;
    
    #基于会话级别
    set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长

    #基于全局级别的
    set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长（所有会话都生效）


#！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ，这相当于第一步步子就迈大了，扯着了蛋
比如：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2




mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show variables like ‘auto_incre%‘; #需要退出重新登录
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
+--------------------------+-------+



create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘
);

mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon1‘),(‘egon2‘),(‘egon3‘);
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | sex  |
+----+-------+------+
|  3 | egon1 | male |
|  8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+

了解内容:步长：auto_increment_increment 起始偏移量：auto_increment_offset

分析步骤：
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录，如果是，则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id）

#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录，如果是，则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（通常是id）

#3、总结：
#多对一：
如果只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表

#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立，则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种情况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

#一对多或称为多对一
三张表：出版社，作者信息，书

一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书

关联方式：foreign key

=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


insert into press(name) values
(‘北京工业地雷出版社‘),
(‘人民音乐不好听出版社‘),
(‘知识产权没有用出版社‘)
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
(‘九阳神功‘,1),
(‘九阴真经‘,2),
(‘九阴白骨爪‘,2),
(‘独孤九剑‘,3),
(‘降龙十巴掌‘,2),
(‘葵花宝典‘,3)

#多对多
三张表：出版社，作者信息，书

多对多：一个作者可以写多本书，一本书也可以有多个作者，双向的一对多，即多对多
　　
关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表

=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四个作者，id依次排开
insert into author(name) values(‘egon‘),(‘alex‘),(‘yuanhao‘),(‘wpq‘);

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
1 egon: 
      1 九阳神功
      2 九阴真经
      3 九阴白骨爪
      4 独孤九剑
      5 降龙十巴掌
      6 葵花宝典


2 alex: 
      1 九阳神功
      6 葵花宝典

3 yuanhao:
      4 独孤九剑
      5 降龙十巴掌
      6 葵花宝典

4 wpq:
      1 九阳神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;

#一对一
两张表：学生表和客户表

一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学校，即一对一的关系

关联方式：foreign key+unique

#一定是student来foreign key表customer，这样就保证了：
#1 学生一定是一个客户，
#2 客户不一定是学生，但有可能成为一个学生


create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
qq varchar(10) not null,
phone char(16) not null
);


create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
class_name varchar(20) not null,
customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


#增加客户
insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
(‘李飞机‘,‘31811231‘,13811341220),
(‘王大炮‘,‘123123123‘,15213146809),
(‘守榴弹‘,‘283818181‘,1867141331),
(‘吴坦克‘,‘283818181‘,1851143312),
(‘赢火箭‘,‘888818181‘,1861243314),
(‘战地雷‘,‘112312312‘,18811431230)
;


#增加学生
insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
(‘脱产3班‘,3),
(‘周末19期‘,4),
(‘周末19期‘,5)
;

例一：一个用户只有一个博客

    用户表：
    id  name
    1    egon
    2    alex
    3    wupeiqi


    博客表   
           fk+unique
    id url name_id
    1  xxxx   1
    2  yyyy   3
    3  zzz    2



例二：一个管理员唯一对应一个用户
    用户表：
    id user  password
    1  egon    xxxx
    2  alex    yyyy

    管理员表：
       fk+unique
    id user_id password
    1   1      xxxxx
    2   2      yyyyy