深度学习中的轴/axis/dim全解

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter

‘‘‘https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/242086547‘‘‘


a = torch.Tensor([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
b = torch.Tensor([[7,8,9], [10,11,12]])
c = torch.Tensor([[[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], [[7,8,9], [10,11,12]]])
print(a.shape)


d = torch.cat((a,b), dim=0)
print(d)
d = torch.cat((a,b), dim=1)
print(d)
e = torch.softmax(a, dim=0)
print(e)
e = torch.softmax(a, dim=1)
print(e)


# for循环计算方式
c = torch.Tensor([[[1,2,3], [4,5,6]], [[7,8,9], [10,11,12]]])   # shape (2,2,3)
m,n,p = c.shape
res = torch.zeros((m,n,p))
for i in range(m):
    for j in range(p):
        res[i,:,j] = torch.softmax(torch.tensor([c[i,k,j] for k in range(n)]), dim=0)  #这里对应最内层的for循环
# 库函数设定轴计算方式
res1 = torch.softmax(c, dim=1)
print(res.equal(res1))      # True
print(res1)
print(res)


‘‘‘
BatchNorm 和 LayerNorm 是针对数据的不同轴去做norm，假设输入数据的维度是(N,C,H,W)，
分别对应batch数，核数，高，宽，BatchNorm 就对应dim=0，LayerNorm 就对应dim=1，
在不考虑移动平均等具体细节问题时，两者在形式上可以统一，只有一个dim参数的差别。
‘‘‘
‘‘‘Pytorch 的实现（简化版）如下：‘‘‘
class Norm(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_features, variance_epsilon=1e-12):
        super(Norm, self).__init__()
        self.gamma = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(num_features))
        self.beta = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_features))
        self.variance_epsilon = variance_epsilon    # 一个很小的常数，防止除0

    def forward(self, x, dim):
        u = x.mean(dim, keepdim=True)
        s = (x - u).pow(2).mean(dim, keepdim=True)
        x_norm = (x - u) / torch.sqrt(s + self.variance_epsilon)
        return self.gamma * x_norm + self.beta