标签：des style http io ar color os 使用 sp
翻译自：http://scipy-lectures.github.com/advanced/image_processing/index.html
作者：Emmanuelle Gouillart, Ga?l Varoquaux
图像 = 2-D 数值数组 (或者 3-D: CT, MRI, 2D + 时间; 4-D, ...) 这里 图像 == Numpy数组 np.array
这个教程中使用的工具：
numpy：基本数组操作
scipy：scipy.ndimage子模块致力于图像处理(n维图像)。参见http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/ndimage.html
from scipy import ndimage
一些例子用到了使用np.array的特殊的工具箱：
图像中的常见问题有：
输入/输出，呈现图像
基本操作：裁剪、翻转、旋转……
图像滤镜：消噪，锐化
图像分割：不同对应对象的像素标记
更有力和完整的模块：
目录
将一个数组写入文件：
In [1]: from scipy import misc In [2]: l = misc.lena() In [3]: misc.imsave(‘lena.png‘, l) # uses the Image module (PIL) In [4]: import pylab as pl In [5]: pl.imshow(l) Out[5]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x4118110>
从一个图像文件创建数组：
In [7]: lena = misc.imread(‘lena.png‘) In [8]: type(lena) Out[8]: numpy.ndarray In [9]: lena.shape, lena.dtype Out[9]: ((512, 512), dtype(‘uint8‘))
8位图像(0-255)的dtype是uint8
打开一个raw文件(相机， 3-D图像)
In [10]: l.tofile(‘lena.raw‘) # 创建一个raw文件 In [14]: lena_from_raw = np.fromfile(‘lena.raw‘, dtype=np.int64) In [15]: lena_from_raw.shape Out[15]: (262144,) In [16]: lena_from_raw.shape = (512, 512) In [17]: import os In [18]: os.remove(‘lena.raw‘)
需要知道图像的shape和dtype(如何区分隔数据字节)
对于大数据，使用np.memmap进行内存映射：
In [21]: lena_memmap = np.memmap(‘lena.raw‘, dtype=np.int64, shape=(512,512))
(数据从文件读取，而不是载入内存)
处理一个列表的图像文件：
In [22]: for i in range(10): ....: im = np.random.random_integers(0, 255, 10000).reshape((100, 100)) ....: misc.imsave(‘random_%02d.png‘ % i, im) ....: In [23]: from glob import glob In [24]: filelist = glob(‘random*.png‘) In [25]: filelist.sort()
使用matplotlib和imshow将图像呈现在matplotlib图像(figure)中：
In [29]: l = misc.lena() In [30]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt In [31]: plt.imshow(l, cmap=plt.cm.gray) Out[31]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x4964990>
通过设置最大最小之增加对比：
In [33]: plt.imshow(l, cmap=plt.cm.gray, vmin=30, vmax=200) Out[33]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x50cb790> In [34]: plt.axis(‘off‘) # 移除axes和ticks Out[34]: (-0.5, 511.5, 511.5, -0.5)
绘制等高线：1
ln[7]: plt.contour(l, [60, 211])
更好地观察强度变化，使用interpolate=‘nearest’：
In [7]: plt.imshow(l[200:220, 200:220], cmap=plt.cm.gray) Out[7]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x3bbe610> In [8]: plt.imshow(l[200:220, 200:220], cmap=plt.cm.gray, interpolation=‘nearest‘) Out[8]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x3ed3250>
其它包有时使用图形工具箱来可视化(GTK，Qt)：2
In [9]: import skimage.io as im_io In [21]: im_io.use_plugin(‘gtk‘, ‘imshow‘) In [22]: im_io.imshow(l)
3-D可视化：Mayavi
图形平面工具
等值面
……
图像是数组：使用整个numpy机理。
>>> lena = misc.lena() >>> lena[0, 40] 166 >>> # Slicing >>> lena[10:13, 20:23] array([[158, 156, 157], [157, 155, 155], [157, 157, 158]]) >>> lena[100:120] = 255 >>> >>> lx, ly = lena.shape >>> X, Y = np.ogrid[0:lx, 0:ly] >>> mask = (X - lx/2)**2 + (Y - ly/2)**2 > lx*ly/4 >>> # Masks >>> lena[mask] = 0 >>> # Fancy indexing >>> lena[range(400), range(400)] = 255
>>> lena = scipy.lena() >>> lena.mean() 124.04678344726562 >>> lena.max(), lena.min() (245, 25)
np.histogram
>>> lena = scipy.lena() >>> lx, ly = lena.shape >>> # Cropping >>> crop_lena = lena[lx/4:-lx/4, ly/4:-ly/4] >>> # up <-> down flip >>> flip_ud_lena = np.flipud(lena) >>> # rotation >>> rotate_lena = ndimage.rotate(lena, 45) >>> rotate_lena_noreshape = ndimage.rotate(lena, 45, reshape=False)
局部滤镜：用相邻像素值的函数替代当前像素的值。
相邻：方形(指定大小)，圆形， 或者更多复杂的_结构元素_。
scipy.ndimage中的_高斯滤镜_：
>>> from scipy import misc >>> from scipy import ndimage >>> lena = misc.lena() >>> blurred_lena = ndimage.gaussian_filter(lena, sigma=3) >>> very_blurred = ndimage.gaussian_filter(lena, sigma=5)
均匀滤镜
>>> local_mean = ndimage.uniform_filter(lena, size=11)
锐化模糊图像：
>>> from scipy import misc >>> lena = misc.lena() >>> blurred_l = ndimage.gaussian_filter(lena, 3)
通过增加拉普拉斯近似增加边缘权重：
>>> filter_blurred_l = ndimage.gaussian_filter(blurred_l, 1) >>> alpha = 30 >>> sharpened = blurred_l + alpha * (blurred_l - filter_blurred_l)
向lena增加噪声：
>>> from scipy import misc >>> l = misc.lena() >>> l = l[230:310, 210:350] >>> noisy = l + 0.4*l.std()*np.random.random(l.shape)
_高斯滤镜_平滑掉噪声……还有边缘：
>>> gauss_denoised = ndimage.gaussian_filter(noisy, 2)
大多局部线性各向同性滤镜都模糊图像(ndimage.uniform_filter)
_中值滤镜_更好地保留边缘：
>>> med_denoised = ndimage.median_filter(noisy, 3)
中值滤镜：对直边界效果更好(低曲率)：
>>> im = np.zeros((20, 20)) >>> im[5:-5, 5:-5] = 1 >>> im = ndimage.distance_transform_bf(im) >>> im_noise = im + 0.2*np.random.randn(*im.shape) >>> im_med = ndimage.median_filter(im_noise, 3)
其它排序滤波器：ndimage.maximum_filter,ndimage.percentile_filter
其它局部非线性滤波器：维纳滤波器(scipy.signal.wiener)等
非局部滤波器
_总变差(TV)_消噪。找到新的图像让图像的总变差(正态L1梯度的积分)变得最小，当接近测量图像时：
>>> # from skimage.filter import tv_denoise >>> from tv_denoise import tv_denoise >>> tv_denoised = tv_denoise(noisy, weight=10) >>> # More denoising (to the expense of fidelity to data) >>> tv_denoised = tv_denoise(noisy, weight=50)
总变差滤镜tv_denoise可以从skimage中获得，(文档:http://scikit-image.org/docs/dev/api/skimage.filter.html#denoise-tv)，但是为了方便我们在这个教程中作为一个_单独模块_导入。
参见：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_morphology
结构元素：
>>> el = ndimage.generate_binary_structure(2, 1) >>> el array([[False, True, False], [ True, True, True], [False, True, False]], dtype=bool) >>> el.astype(np.int) array([[0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
腐蚀 = 最小化滤镜。用结构元素覆盖的像素的最小值替代一个像素值：
>>> a = np.zeros((7,7), dtype=np.int) >>> a[1:6, 2:5] = 1 >>> a array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]) >>> ndimage.binary_erosion(a).astype(a.dtype) array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]) >>> #Erosion removes objects smaller than the structure >>> ndimage.binary_erosion(a, structure=np.ones((5,5))).astype(a.dtype) array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
膨胀：最大化滤镜:
>>> a = np.zeros((5, 5)) >>> a[2, 2] = 1 >>> a array([[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]]) >>> ndimage.binary_dilation(a).astype(a.dtype) array([[ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 0., 1., 1., 1., 0.], [ 0., 0., 1., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]])
对灰度值图像也有效：
>>> np.random.seed(2) >>> x, y = (63*np.random.random((2, 8))).astype(np.int) >>> im[x, y] = np.arange(8) >>> bigger_points = ndimage.grey_dilation(im, size=(5, 5), structure=np.ones((5, 5))) >>> square = np.zeros((16, 16)) >>> square[4:-4, 4:-4] = 1 >>> dist = ndimage.distance_transform_bf(square) >>> dilate_dist = ndimage.grey_dilation(dist, size=(3, 3), ... structure=np.ones((3, 3)))
开操作：腐蚀+膨胀：
应用：移除噪声
>>> square = np.zeros((32, 32)) >>> square[10:-10, 10:-10] = 1 >>> np.random.seed(2) >>> x, y = (32*np.random.random((2, 20))).astype(np.int) >>> square[x, y] = 1 >>> open_square = ndimage.binary_opening(square) >>> eroded_square = ndimage.binary_erosion(square) >>> reconstruction = ndimage.binary_propagation(eroded_square, mask=square)
闭操作：膨胀+腐蚀
许多其它数学分形：击中(hit)和击不中(miss)变换，tophat等等。
合成数据：
>>> im = np.zeros((256, 256)) >>> im[64:-64, 64:-64] = 1 >>> >>> im = ndimage.rotate(im, 15, mode=‘constant‘) >>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, 8)
使用_梯度操作(Sobel)_来找到搞强度的变化：
>>> sx = ndimage.sobel(im, axis=0, mode=‘constant‘) >>> sy = ndimage.sobel(im, axis=1, mode=‘constant‘) >>> sob = np.hypot(sx, sy)
canny滤镜
Canny滤镜可以从skimage中获取(文档)，但是为了方便我们在这个教程中作为一个_单独模块_导入：
>>> #from skimage.filter import canny >>> #or use module shipped with tutorial >>> im += 0.1*np.random.random(im.shape) >>> edges = canny(im, 1, 0.4, 0.2) # not enough smoothing >>> edges = canny(im, 3, 0.3, 0.2) # better parameters
需要调整几个参数……过度拟合的风险
基于_直方图_的分割(没有空间信息)
>>> n = 10 >>> l = 256 >>> im = np.zeros((l, l)) >>> np.random.seed(1) >>> points = l*np.random.random((2, n**2)) >>> im[(points[0]).astype(np.int), (points[1]).astype(np.int)] = 1 >>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, sigma=l/(4.*n)) >>> mask = (im > im.mean()).astype(np.float) >>> mask += 0.1 * im >>> img = mask + 0.2*np.random.randn(*mask.shape) >>> hist, bin_edges = np.histogram(img, bins=60) >>> bin_centers = 0.5*(bin_edges[:-1] + bin_edges[1:]) >>> binary_img = img > 0.5
自动阈值：使用高斯混合模型：
>>> mask = (im > im.mean()).astype(np.float) >>> mask += 0.1 * im >>> img = mask + 0.3*np.random.randn(*mask.shape) >>> from sklearn.mixture import GMM >>> classif = GMM(n_components=2) >>> classif.fit(img.reshape((img.size, 1))) GMM(...) >>> classif.means_ array([[ 0.9353155 ], [-0.02966039]]) >>> np.sqrt(classif.covars_).ravel() array([ 0.35074631, 0.28225327]) >>> classif.weights_ array([ 0.40989799, 0.59010201]) >>> threshold = np.mean(classif.means_) >>> binary_img = img > threshold
使用数学形态学来清理结果：
>>> # Remove small white regions >>> open_img = ndimage.binary_opening(binary_img) >>> # Remove small black hole >>> close_img = ndimage.binary_closing(open_img)
练习
参看重建(reconstruction)操作(腐蚀+传播(propagation))产生比开/闭操作更好的结果：
>>> eroded_img = ndimage.binary_erosion(binary_img) >>> reconstruct_img = ndimage.binary_propagation(eroded_img, mask=binary_img) >>> tmp = np.logical_not(reconstruct_img) >>> eroded_tmp = ndimage.binary_erosion(tmp) >>> reconstruct_final = np.logical_not(ndimage.binary_propagation(eroded_tmp, mask=tmp)) >>> np.abs(mask - close_img).mean() 0.014678955078125 >>> np.abs(mask - reconstruct_final).mean() 0.0042572021484375
练习
检查首次消噪步骤(中值滤波，总变差)如何更改直方图，并且查看是否基于直方图的分割更加精准了。
_基于图像_的分割：使用空间信息
>>> from sklearn.feature_extraction import image >>> from sklearn.cluster import spectral_clustering >>> l = 100 >>> x, y = np.indices((l, l)) >>> center1 = (28, 24) >>> center2 = (40, 50) >>> center3 = (67, 58) >>> center4 = (24, 70) >>> radius1, radius2, radius3, radius4 = 16, 14, 15, 14 >>> circle1 = (x - center1[0])**2 + (y - center1[1])**2 < radius1**2 >>> circle2 = (x - center2[0])**2 + (y - center2[1])**2 < radius2**2 >>> circle3 = (x - center3[0])**2 + (y - center3[1])**2 < radius3**2 >>> circle4 = (x - center4[0])**2 + (y - center4[1])**2 < radius4**2 >>> # 4 circles >>> img = circle1 + circle2 + circle3 + circle4 >>> mask = img.astype(bool) >>> img = img.astype(float) >>> img += 1 + 0.2*np.random.randn(*img.shape) >>> # Convert the image into a graph with the value of the gradient on >>> # the edges. >>> graph = image.img_to_graph(img, mask=mask) >>> # Take a decreasing function of the gradient: we take it weakly >>> # dependant from the gradient the segmentation is close to a voronoi >>> graph.data = np.exp(-graph.data/graph.data.std()) >>> labels = spectral_clustering(graph, k=4, mode=‘arpack‘) >>> label_im = -np.ones(mask.shape) >>> label_im[mask] = labels
合成数据：
>>> n = 10 >>> l = 256 >>> im = np.zeros((l, l)) >>> points = l*np.random.random((2, n**2)) >>> im[(points[0]).astype(np.int), (points[1]).astype(np.int)] = 1 >>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, sigma=l/(4.*n)) >>> mask = im > im.mean()
连接成分分析
标记连接成分：ndimage.label
>>> label_im, nb_labels = ndimage.label(mask) >>> nb_labels # how many regions? 23 >>> plt.imshow(label_im) <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at ...>
计算每个区域的尺寸，均值等等：
>>> sizes = ndimage.sum(mask, label_im, range(nb_labels + 1)) >>> mean_vals = ndimage.sum(im, label_im, range(1, nb_labels + 1))
计算小的连接成分：
>>> mask_size = sizes < 1000 >>> remove_pixel = mask_size[label_im] >>> remove_pixel.shape (256, 256) >>> label_im[remove_pixel] = 0 >>> plt.imshow(label_im) <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at ...>
现在使用np.searchsorted重新分配标签：
>>> labels = np.unique(label_im) >>> label_im = np.searchsorted(labels, label_im)
找到关注的封闭对象区域：3
>>> slice_x, slice_y = ndimage.find_objects(label_im==4)[0] >>> roi = im[slice_x, slice_y] >>> plt.imshow(roi) <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at ...>
其它空间测量：ndiamge.center_of_mass,ndimage.maximum_position等等。
可以在分割应用限制范围之外使用。
示例：块平均(block mean)：
m scipy import misc >>> l = misc.lena() >>> sx, sy = l.shape >>> X, Y = np.ogrid[0:sx, 0:sy] >>> regions = sy/6 * (X/4) + Y/6 # note that we use broadcasting >>> block_mean = ndimage.mean(l, labels=regions, index=np.arange(1, ... regions.max() +1)) >>> block_mean.shape = (sx/4, sy/6)
当区域不是正则的4块状时，使用stride技巧更有效(示例：fake dimensions with strides)
非正则空间(Non-regular-spaced)区块：径向平均：
>>> sx, sy = l.shape >>> X, Y = np.ogrid[0:sx, 0:sy] >>> r = np.hypot(X - sx/2, Y - sy/2) >>> rbin = (20* r/r.max()).astype(np.int) >>> radial_mean = ndimage.mean(l, labels=rbin, index=np.arange(1, rbin.max() +1))
其它测量
相关函数，傅里叶/小波谱等。
一个使用数学形态学的例子：粒度(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulometry_%28morphology%29)
>>> def disk_structure(n): ... struct = np.zeros((2 * n + 1, 2 * n + 1)) ... x, y = np.indices((2 * n + 1, 2 * n + 1)) ... mask = (x - n)**2 + (y - n)**2 <= n**2 ... struct[mask] = 1 ... return struct.astype(np.bool) ... >>> >>> def granulometry(data, sizes=None): ... s = max(data.shape) ... if sizes == None: ... sizes = range(1, s/2, 2) ... granulo = [ndimage.binary_opening(data, ... structure=disk_structure(n)).sum() for n in sizes] ... return granulo ... >>> >>> np.random.seed(1) >>> n = 10 >>> l = 256 >>> im = np.zeros((l, l)) >>> points = l*np.random.random((2, n**2)) >>> im[(points[0]).astype(np.int), (points[1]).astype(np.int)] = 1 >>> im = ndimage.gaussian_filter(im, sigma=l/(4.*n)) >>> >>> mask = im > im.mean() >>> >>> granulo = granulometry(mask, sizes=np.arange(2, 19, 4))
占位 ?
ValueError: can not convert int64 to uint8. ?
根据以上操作剩下的区域选择区域，因为是随机生成可能结果不通，label_im==4未必留下来了。 ?
标签：des style http io ar color os 使用 sp
原文地址：http://my.oschina.net/ranvane/blog/352341
