$ git config --global user.name "Your Name" $ git config --global user.email "email@example.com"
2 . 初始化一个Git仓库,使用
git init
命令。
$ git init Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/michael/learngit/.git/
3.
添加文件到Git仓库,分两步:
第一步,使用命令git add <file>
,注意,可反复多次使用,添加多个文件;
第二步,使用命令git commit
,完成。
$ git add readme.txt
$ git commit -m "wrote a readme file" [master (root-commit) cb926e7] wrote a readme file 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) create mode 100644 readme.txt
要随时掌握工作区的状态,使用git status
命令。
如果git status
告诉你有文件被修改过,用git diff
可以查看修改内容。
$ git status # On branch master # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: readme.txt # no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
$ git diff readme.txt diff --git a/readme.txt b/readme.txt index 46d49bf..9247db6 100644 --- a/readme.txt +++ b/readme.txt @@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ -Git is a version control system. +Git is a distributed version control system. Git is free software.
HEAD
指向的版本就是当前版本,因此,Git允许我们在版本的历史之间穿梭,使用命令git reset --hard commit_id
。
穿梭前,用git log
可以查看提交历史,以便确定要回退到哪个版本。
要重返未来,用git reflog
查看命令历史,以便确定要回到未来的哪个版本。
git log 查看历史提交
$ git log commit 3628164fb26d48395383f8f31179f24e0882e1e0 Author: Michael Liao <askxuefeng@gmail.com> Date: Tue Aug 20 15:11:49 2013 +0800 append GPL commit ea34578d5496d7dd233c827ed32a8cd576c5ee85 Author: Michael Liao <askxuefeng@gmail.com> Date: Tue Aug 20 14:53:12 2013 +0800? add distributed commit cb926e7ea50ad11b8f9e909c05226233bf755030 Author: Michael Liao <askxuefeng@gmail.com> Date: Mon Aug 19 17:51:55 2013 +0800? wrote a readme file
$ git log --pretty=oneline 3628164fb26d48395383f8f31179f24e0882e1e0 append GPL ea34578d5496d7dd233c827ed32a8cd576c5ee85 add distributed cb926e7ea50ad11b8f9e909c05226233bf755030 wrote a readme file
$ cat readme.txt Git is a distributed version control system. Git is free software.
$ git reset --hard 3628164 HEAD is now at 3628164 append GPL
$ git reflog ea34578 HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to HEAD^ 3628164 HEAD@{1}: commit: append GPL ea34578 HEAD@{2}: commit: add distributed cb926e7 HEAD@{3}: commit (initial): wrote a readme file
场景1:当你改乱了工作区某个文件的内容,想直接丢弃工作区的修改时,用命令git checkout -- file
。
场景2:当你不但改乱了工作区某个文件的内容,还添加到了暂存区时,想丢弃修改,分两步,第一步用命令git reset HEAD file
,就回到了场景1,第二步按场景1操作。
git checkout -- file
可以丢弃工作区的修改:
$ git checkout -- readme.txt用命令
git reset HEAD file
可以把暂存区的修改撤销掉(unstage),重新放回工作区:$ git reset HEAD readme.txt
Unstaged changes after reset:
M readme.txt
git rm
删掉,并且git commit
:
$ git rm test.txt rm 'test.txt' $ git commit -m "remove test.txt" [master d17efd8] remove test.txt 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) delete mode 100644 test.txt
git checkout
其实是用版本库里的版本替换工作区的版本,无论工作区是修改还是删除,都可以“一键还原”。$ git checkout -- test.txt8.添加远程仓库
git remote add origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
$ git push -u origin master Counting objects: 19, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (19/19), done. Writing objects: 100% (19/19), 13.73 KiB, done. Total 23 (delta 6), reused 0 (delta 0) To git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git * [new branch] master -> master Branch master set up to track remote branch master from origin.只要本地作了提交,就可以通过命令:
$ git push origin master
要关联一个远程库,使用命令git remote add origin git@server-name:path/repo-name.git
;
关联后,使用命令git push -u origin master
第一次推送master分支的所有内容;
此后,每次本地提交后,只要有必要,就可以使用命令git push origin master
推送最新修改;
要克隆一个仓库,首先必须知道仓库的地址,然后使用git clone
命令克隆。
Git支持多种协议,包括https
,但通过ssh
支持的原生git
协议速度最快。
$ git clone git@github.com:michaelliao/gitskills.git Cloning into 'gitskills'... remote: Counting objects: 3, done. remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) Receiving objects: 100% (3/3), done.
查看分支:git branch
创建分支:git branch <name>
切换分支:git checkout <name>
创建+切换分支:git checkout -b <name>
合并某分支到当前分支:git merge <name>
删除分支:git branch -d <name>
$ git checkout -b dev Switched to a new branch 'dev'
$ git branch dev $ git checkout dev Switched to branch 'dev'
$ git branch * dev master
$ git merge dev
Updating d17efd8..fec145a
Fast-forward
readme.txt | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git branch -d dev Deleted branch dev (was fec145a).
11.用git log --graph
命令可以看到分支合并图
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit * 59bc1cb conflict fixed || * 75a857c AND simple * | 400b400 & simple |/ * fec145a branch test ...
--no-ff
参数就可以用普通模式合并,合并后的历史有分支,能看出来曾经做过合并,而fast forward
合并就看不出来曾经做过合并。
$ git merge --no-ff -m "merge with no-ff" dev Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. readme.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
修复bug时,我们会通过创建新的bug分支进行修复,然后合并,最后删除;
当手头工作没有完成时,先把工作现场git stash
一下,然后去修复bug,修复后,再git stash pop
,回到工作现场。
stash
功能,可以把当前工作现场“储藏”起来,等以后恢复现场后继续工作:$ git stash Saved working directory and index state WIP on dev: 6224937 add merge HEAD is now at 6224937 add merge <pre name="code" class="plain">$ git stash list stash@{0}: WIP on dev: 6224937 add merge
$ git stash pop # On branch dev # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: hello.py # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: readme.txt # Dropped refs/stash@{0} (f624f8e5f082f2df2bed8a4e09c12fd2943bdd40)
$ git stash apply stash@{0}
查看远程库信息,使用git remote -v
;
本地新建的分支如果不推送到远程,对其他人就是不可见的;
从本地推送分支,使用git push origin branch-name
,如果推送失败,先用git pull
抓取远程的新提交;
在本地创建和远程分支对应的分支,使用git checkout -b branch-name origin/branch-name
,本地和远程分支的名称最好一致;
建立本地分支和远程分支的关联,使用git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name
;
从远程抓取分支,使用git pull
,如果有冲突,要先处理冲突。
$ git remote -v
origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (fetch)
origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (push)
$ git push origin master
$ git branch --set-upstream dev origin/dev
Branch dev set up to track remote branch dev from origin.
15.标签
命令git tag <name>
用于新建一个标签,默认为HEAD
,也可以指定一个commit id;
git tag -a <tagname> -m "blablabla..."
可以指定标签信息;
git tag -s <tagname> -m "blablabla..."
可以用PGP签名标签;
命令git tag
可以查看所有标签。
命令git push origin <tagname>
可以推送一个本地标签;
命令git push origin --tags
可以推送全部未推送过的本地标签;
命令git tag -d <tagname>
可以删除一个本地标签;
命令git push origin :refs/tags/<tagname>
可以删除一个远程标签。
原文地址:http://blog.csdn.net/whao0426/article/details/42003363