进程篇(3: 基本进程控制:进程的退出)--请参照本博客“操作系统”专栏

NAME
       wait, waitpid, waitid - wait for process to change state

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <sys/wait.h>

       pid_t wait(int *status);

       pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, int options);

       int waitid(idtype_t idtype, id_t id, siginfo_t *infop, int options);
                       /* This is the glibc and POSIX interface; see
                          NOTES for information on the raw system call. */

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       waitid():
           _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
           _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
           || /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L

DESCRIPTION
       All of these system calls are used to wait for state changes in a child
       of  the  calling  process, and obtain information about the child whose
       state has changed.(这些函数用来在调用进程中观察子进程状态的变化)  A state change 
       is considered to be: the child  ter‐minated （子进程终止）; the child was stopped by a signal（子进程由于信号而停止）; or the child was resumed by
       a signal（子进程因信号重新启动）.  In the case of a terminated child, performing a wait  allows
       the  system  to  release  the resources associated with the child; if a
       wait is not performed, then the terminated child remains in a  "zombie"
       state (see NOTES below).

       If  a  child has already changed state, then these calls return immedi‐
       ately.  Otherwise they block until either a child changes  state  or  a
       signal  handler interrupts the call (assuming that system calls are not
       automatically restarted using the SA_RESTART flag of sigaction(2)).  In
       the  remainder  of this page, a child whose state has changed and which
       has not yet been waited upon by one of these  system  calls  is  termed
       waitable.

   wait() and waitpid()
       The  wait() system call suspends execution of the calling process until
       one of its children terminates.  The call wait(&status)  is  equivalent
       to:

           waitpid(-1, &status, 0);

       The  waitpid()  system  call  suspends execution of the calling process
       until a child specified by pid argument has changed state.  By default,
       waitpid() waits only for terminated children, but this behavior is mod‐
       ifiable via the options argument, as described below.

       The value of pid can be:

       < -1   meaning wait for any child process whose  process  group  ID  is
              equal to the absolute value of pid.

       -1     meaning wait for any child process.

       0      meaning  wait  for  any  child process whose process group ID is
              equal to that of the calling process.

       > 0    meaning wait for the child whose process  ID  is  equal  to  the
              value of pid.

       The  value  of  options  is an OR of zero or more of the following con‐
       stants:

       WNOHANG     return immediately if no child has exited.

       WUNTRACED   also return if a child has  stopped  (but  not  traced  via
                   ptrace(2)).   Status for traced children which have stopped
                   is provided even if this option is not specified.

       WCONTINUED (since Linux 2.6.10)
                   also return if a stopped child has been resumed by delivery
                   of SIGCONT.

       (For Linux-only options, see below.)

       If status is not NULL, wait() and waitpid() store status information in
       the int to which it points.  This integer can  be  inspected  with  the
       following  macros  (which take the integer itself as an argument, not a
       pointer to it, as is done in wait() and waitpid()!):

       WIFEXITED(status)
              returns true if the child terminated normally, that is, by call‐
              ing exit(3) or _exit(2), or by returning from main().

       WEXITSTATUS(status)
              returns  the  exit  status  of  the child.  This consists of the
              least significant 8 bits of the status argument that  the  child
              specified  in  a  call to exit(3) or _exit(2) or as the argument
              for a return statement in main().  This macro should be employed
              only if WIFEXITED returned true.

       WIFSIGNALED(status)
              returns true if the child process was terminated by a signal.

       WTERMSIG(status)
              returns  the  number of the signal that caused the child process
              to terminate.  This macro should be employed only if WIFSIGNALED
              returned true.

       WCOREDUMP(status)
              returns  true  if  the  child  produced a core dump.  This macro
              should be employed only  if  WIFSIGNALED  returned  true.   This
              macro  is  not specified in POSIX.1-2001 and is not available on
              some UNIX implementations (e.g., AIX,  SunOS).   Only  use  this
              enclosed in #ifdef WCOREDUMP ... #endif.

       WIFSTOPPED(status)
              returns  true  if the child process was stopped by delivery of a
              signal; this is possible only if the call was  done  using  WUN‐
              TRACED or when the child is being traced (see ptrace(2)).

       WSTOPSIG(status)
              returns the number of the signal which caused the child to stop.
              This macro should be employed only if WIFSTOPPED returned true.

       WIFCONTINUED(status)
              (since Linux 2.6.10) returns  true  if  the  child  process  was
              resumed by delivery of SIGCONT.

   waitid()
       The  waitid()  system  call (available since Linux 2.6.9) provides more
       precise control over which child state changes to wait for.

       The idtype and id arguments select the child(ren) to wait for, as  fol‐
       lows:

       idtype == P_PID
              Wait for the child whose process ID matches id.

       idtype == P_PGID
              Wait for any child whose process group ID matches id.

       idtype == P_ALL
              Wait for any child; id is ignored.

       The  child state changes to wait for are specified by ORing one or more
       of the following flags in options:

       WEXITED     Wait for children that have terminated.

       WSTOPPED    Wait for children that have been stopped by delivery  of  a
                   signal.

       WCONTINUED  Wait  for  (previously  stopped)  children  that  have been
                   resumed by delivery of SIGCONT.

       The following flags may additionally be ORed in options:

       WNOHANG     As for waitpid().

       WNOWAIT     Leave the child in a waitable state; a later wait call  can
                   be used to again retrieve the child status information.

       Upon  successful  return, waitid() fills in the following fields of the
       siginfo_t structure pointed to by infop:

       si_pid      The process ID of the child.

       si_uid      The real user ID of the child.  (This field is not  set  on
                   most other implementations.)

       si_signo    Always set to SIGCHLD.

       si_status   Either  the  exit status of the child, as given to _exit(2)
                   (or exit(3)), or the signal that caused the child to termi‐
                   nate,  stop, or continue.  The si_code field can be used to
                   determine how to interpret this field.

       si_code     Set  to  one  of:  CLD_EXITED  (child   called   _exit(2));
                   CLD_KILLED  (child  killed  by  signal);  CLD_DUMPED (child
                   killed by signal,  and  dumped  core);  CLD_STOPPED  (child
                   stopped by signal); CLD_TRAPPED (traced child has trapped);
                   or CLD_CONTINUED (child continued by SIGCONT).

       If WNOHANG was specified in options and there were  no  children  in  a
       waitable  state,  then  waitid() returns 0 immediately and the state of
       the siginfo_t structure pointed to by infop is unspecified.  To distin‐
       guish  this  case from that where a child was in a waitable state, zero
       out the si_pid field before the call and check for a nonzero  value  in
       this field after the call returns.

RETURN VALUE
       wait():  on success, returns the process ID of the terminated child; on
       error, -1 is returned.

       waitpid(): on success, returns the process ID of the child whose  state
       has changed; if WNOHANG was specified and one or more child(ren) speci‐
       fied by pid exist, but have not yet changed state, then 0 is  returned.
       On error, -1 is returned.

       waitid():  returns  0  on  success  or  if WNOHANG was specified and no
       child(ren) specified by id has yet  changed  state;  on  error,  -1  is
       returned.   Each  of  these calls sets errno to an appropriate value in
       the case of an error.

ERRORS
       ECHILD (for wait()) The calling process does not have any  unwaited-for
              children.

       ECHILD (for  waitpid() or waitid()) The process specified by pid (wait‐
              pid()) or idtype and id (waitid()) does not exist or  is  not  a
              child  of  the  calling process.  (This can happen for one‘s own
              child if the action for SIGCHLD is set to SIG_IGN.  See also the
              Linux Notes section about threads.)

       EINTR  WNOHANG  was  not  set  and an unblocked signal or a SIGCHLD was
              caught; see signal(7).

       EINVAL The options argument was invalid.

 1 #include "apue.h"
 2 #include <sys/wait.h>
 3 
 4 void pr_exit(int status);
 5 
 6 int main(void)
 7 {
 8     pid_t    pid;
 9     int     status;
10 
11     if((pid = fork()) < 0)
12         err_sys("fork error");
13     else if(pid == 0)
14         exit(7);
15 
16     if(wait(&status) != pid)
17         err_sys("wait error");
18     pr_exit(status);
19 
20     if((pid = fork()) < 0)
21         err_sys("fork error");
22     else if(pid == 0)
23         abort();
24 
25     if(wait(&status) != pid)
26         err_sys("wait error");
27     pr_exit(status);
28 
29     
30     if((pid = fork()) < 0)
31         err_sys("fork error");
32     else if(pid == 0)
33         status /= 0;
34 
35     if(wait(&status) != pid)
36         err_sys("wait error");
37     pr_exit(status);
38     exit(0);
39 }
40 
41 void pr_exit(int status)
42 {
43     if(WIFEXITED(status))
44         printf("normal termination, exit status = %d\n",WEXITSTATUS(status));
45     else if(WIFSIGNALED(status))
46         printf("abnormal termination, signal number = %d%s\n",WTERMSIG(status),
47 #ifdef WCOREDUMP
48                 WCOREDUMP(status) ? " (core file generated)" : "");
49 #else
50             "");
51 #endif
52     else if(WIFSTOPPED(status))
53         printf("child stopped, signal number = %d\n",WSTOPSIG(status));
54 }

normal termination, exit status = 7
abnormal termination, signal number = 6
abnormal termination, signal number = 8