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SA基础

时间：2015-04-09 15:07:11      阅读：193      评论：0      收藏：0      [点我收藏+]

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基本部分

1. 系统硬件

1.1. 主板

  1. 获取序列号

    $ sudo dmidecode -t system |grep -i Serial

Serial Number: CNU9032T3N

  2. 获取厂商和型号

    $ sudo dmidecode -t system

= dmidecode 2.11
SMBIOS 2.4 present.

Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
        Manufacturer: Hewlett-Packard
        Product Name: HP 540
Version: F.02
Serial Number: CNU9032T3N
UUID: 7E2B6111-7C15-E011-5A8C-6D991201D929
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: NL385PA=AB2
Family: 103C_5336AN

Handle 0x0012, DMI type 32, 11 bytes
System Boot Information
Status: No errors detected

  3. 获取出厂日期

    $ sudo dmidecode -t bios|grep -i date

Release Date: 08/20/2008

1.2. CPU

  1. /proc/cpuinfo

    $ cat /proc/cpuinfo

processor       : 0
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 15
model name      : Genuine Intel(R) CPU           T1400  @ 1.73GHz
stepping        : 13
microcode       : 0xa3
cpu MHz         : 1729.060
cache size      : 512 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 2
core id         : 0
cpu cores       : 2
apicid          : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fdiv_bug        : no
hlt_bug         : no
f00f_bug        : no
coma_bug        : no
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 10
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm lahf_lm dtherm
bogomips        : 3458.12
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

  2. lscpu

    $ lscpu

Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
CPU(s):                24
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    6
CPU socket(s):         2
NUMA node(s):          2
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 44
Stepping:              2
CPU MHz:               2526.869
Virtualization:        VT-x
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              12288K

  3. dmidecode -t processor

    $ sudo dmidecode -t processor

= dmidecode 2.11
SMBIOS 2.4 present.

Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 35 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: U10
Type: Central Processor
Family: Pentium M
Manufacturer: Intel(R)
ID: FD 06 00 00 FF FB EB BF
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 15, Stepping 13
Flags:
        FPU (Floating-point unit on-chip)
        VME (Virtual mode extension)
        DE (Debugging extension)
        PSE (Page size extension)
        TSC (Time stamp counter)
        MSR (Model specific registers)
        PAE (Physical address extension)
        MCE (Machine check exception)
        CX8 (CMPXCHG8 instruction supported)
        APIC (On-chip APIC hardware supported)
        SEP (Fast system call)
        MTRR (Memory type range registers)
        PGE (Page global enable)
        MCA (Machine check architecture)
        CMOV (Conditional move instruction supported)
        PAT (Page attribute table)
        PSE-36 (36-bit page size extension)
        CLFSH (CLFLUSH instruction supported)
        DS (Debug store)
        ACPI (ACPI supported)
        MMX (MMX technology supported)
        FXSR (FXSAVE and FXSTOR instructions supported)
        SSE (Streaming SIMD extensions)
        SSE2 (Streaming SIMD extensions 2)
        SS (Self-snoop)
        HTT (Multi-threading)
        TM (Thermal monitor supported)
        PBE (Pending break enabled)
Version: Genuine Intel(R) CPU           T1400  @ 1.73GHz
Voltage: 1.1 V
External Clock: 133 MHz
Max Speed: 1733 MHz
Current Speed: 1733 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: None
L1 Cache Handle: 0x0005
L2 Cache Handle: 0x0006
L3 Cache Handle: Not Provided
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified

1.3. 内存

  1. /proc/meminfo

    $  cat /proc/meminfo

MemTotal:        1016844 kB
MemFree:          107484 kB
Buffers:          470592 kB
Cached:           110684 kB
SwapCached:          904 kB
Active:           262476 kB
Inactive:         453672 kB
Active(anon):      24572 kB
Inactive(anon):   142096 kB
Active(file):     237904 kB
Inactive(file):   311576 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
HighTotal:        126664 kB
HighFree:           5312 kB
LowTotal:         890180 kB
LowFree:          102172 kB
SwapTotal:       1038332 kB
SwapFree:        1005956 kB
Dirty:                 0 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:        134068 kB
Mapped:            19084 kB
Shmem:             31796 kB
Slab:             174980 kB
SReclaimable:     162588 kB
SUnreclaim:        12392 kB
KernelStack:        1664 kB
PageTables:         2940 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     1546752 kB
Committed_AS:     404708 kB
VmallocTotal:     122880 kB
VmallocUsed:       12628 kB
VmallocChunk:     108240 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:         0 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       32760 kB
DirectMap2M:      880640 kB

  2. dmidecode -t memory

    $ sudo dmidecode -t memory

= dmidecode 2.11
SMBIOS 2.4 present.

Handle 0x000A, DMI type 16, 15 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 4 GB
Error Information Handle: No Error
Number Of Devices: 2

Handle 0x000B, DMI type 17, 27 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x000A
Error Information Handle: No Error
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM =1
Bank Locator: Not Specified
Type: DDR2
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer:
Serial Number:
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number:

Handle 0x000C, DMI type 17, 27 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x000A
Error Information Handle: No Error
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 1024 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM =2
Bank Locator: Not Specified
Type: DDR2
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 667 MHz
Manufacturer: Hyundai Electronics
Serial Number: 04008096
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: HYMP112S64CP6-Y5

  3. 获取内存插槽数，每条内存大小

    $  sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep -i size

Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: No Module Installed
Size: No Module Installed
Size: No Module Installed
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: 8192 MB
Size: No Module Installed
Size: No Module Installed
Size: No Module Installed

  4. 获取最大支持内存

    $  sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep -i max

Maximum Capacity: 288 GB

  5. 获取内存频率

    $  sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep -i speed

Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: Unknown
Speed: Unknown
Speed: Unknown
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: 1333 MHz (0.8 ns)
Speed: Unknown
Speed: Unknown
Speed: Unknown

1.4. 硬盘

1.4.1. lspci

  1. LSI MagaSAS

    $ lspci |grep -i raid

03:00.0 RAID bus controller: LSI Logic / Symbios Logic LSI MegaSAS 9260 (rev 05)

    megacli
megasasctl/megactl
megaraidsas-status/megaraid-status
megclisas-status
megamgr

  2. Adaptec

    $ lspci |grep -i raid

02:00.0 RAID bus controller: Adaptec AAC-RAID (rev 09)

    arcconf

1.4.2. lsscsi

  1. lsscsi

    $ sudo lsscsi

[0:0:0:0]    cd/dvd  Dell     Virtual  CDROM   123   /dev/scd0
[1:0:0:0]    disk    Dell     Virtual  Floppy  123   /dev/sdc
[2:0:0:0]    disk    ATA      Maxtor 7L250S0   1G10  /dev/sda
[2:0:4:0]    disk    SEAGATE  ST3300555SS      T105  /dev/sdb

  2. /proc/scsi/scsi

    $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi

Attached devices:
Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
  Vendor: ATA      Model: Maxtor 7L250S0   Rev: 1G10
  Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 05
Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
  Vendor: Dell     Model: Virtual  CDROM   Rev: 123
  Type:   CD-ROM                           ANSI SCSI revision: 02
Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
  Vendor: Dell     Model: Virtual  Floppy  Rev: 123
  Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 02
Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 04 Lun: 00
  Vendor: SEAGATE  Model: ST3300555SS      Rev: T105
  Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 05

1.4.3. smartctl

  1. smartctl -a /dev/sda

    $ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Hitachi Travelstar 5K320
Device Model:     Hitachi HTS543216L9A300
Serial Number:    090107FB0200LCJJVXPB
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 561e3da05
Firmware Version: FB2OC40F
User Capacity:    160,041,885,696 bytes [160 GB]
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   8
ATA Standard is:  ATA-8-ACS revision 3f
Local Time is:    Tue Mar 26 12:52:42 2013 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

  2. smartctl -a -d megaraid,1 /dev/sda

  3. smartctl -a /dev/sda|grep -i serial

    $ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda|grep -i serial

Serial Number:    090107FB0200LCJJVXPB

1.5. 网卡

1.5.1. 网卡类型

$ lspci|grep -i net

16:00.0 Ethernet controller: Emulex Corporation OneConnect 10Gb NIC (be3) (rev 03)

05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet (rev 12)

00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82562GT 10/100 Network Connection (rev 03)

10:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY (rev 01)

1.5.2. 网卡驱动

升级系统的时候，就要查看下网卡驱动安装上了没，尤其是bnx系列网卡特别要注意

$ update-initramfs -u -k \`uname -r\`

1.5.3. 查看工具

  1. ethtool

    $  sudo ethtool eth0

Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ TP ]
Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: No
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Speed: 100Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: Twisted Pair
PHYAD: 1
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
MDI-X: off
Supports Wake-on: pumbg
Wake-on: g
Current message level: 0x00000001 (1)
                       drv
Link detected: yes

  2. mii－tool

    $ sudo mii-tool

eth0: negotiated 1000baseT-FD flow-control, link ok
eth1: negotiated 1000baseT-FD flow-control, link ok
SIOCGMIIPHY on ‘eth2‘ failed: Resource temporarily unavailable
SIOCGMIIPHY on ‘eth3‘ failed: Resource temporarily unavailable

  3. ip addr

    $  ip addr

    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
   valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:24:81:36:37:a7 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.144.242/22 brd 192.168.147.255 scope global eth0
inet6 fe80::224:81ff:fe36:37a7/64 scope link
   valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    3: eth2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000
link/ether 00:21:00:a4:49:f6 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

2. 内存

2.1. free

$  free -m
     total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:           993        914         78          0        132        607
-/+ buffers/cache:        174        818
Swap:         1013         10       1003

free 详解
1. total: 内存总数
2. used：已经使用的内存数
3. free： 空闲的内存数
4. shared： 多个进程共享的内存总额
5. -buffers/cache: （已用）的内存数，即used-buffers-cached //反映实际被用掉的内存数
6. +buffers/cache: (可用)的内存数，即free+buffers+cached //反映可以使用的内存数
可用内存的计算公式为：
   可用内存=free+buffers+cached,即399M+109M+723M=1232M
内存总数与已使用内存数和空闲内存数的关系：
 total（1968M）=used（1569M）+free（399M）

注：观察Linux的内存使用情况时，只要没有发现用swap的交换空间，就不用担心自己的内存太少；如果常常看到swap用了很多，那么就要考虑增加物理内存了。这也是在Linux服务器上看内存是否够用的标准。

=== vmstat . vmstat 1

+

$ vmstat -S M 1 5

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu----
r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa
1  0      1  56541    384  36313    0    0    10   152    0    0  3  1 95  1
1  0      1  56543    384  36313    0    0   128   168 7271 11527  1  0 99  0
0  0      1  56542    384  36313    0    0     0   112 6045 9615  1  0 99  0
0  0      1  56543    384  36313    0    0   132   192 11305 17468  1  1 98  0
0  0      1  56539    384  36313    0    0   128   456 13028 20222  1  1 98  0

  1. vmstat -a

    $ vmstat -S M 1 5 -a

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu----
r  b   swpd   free  inact active   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa
 2  0      1  56540  30690   7020    0    0    10   152    0    0  3  1 95  1
1  0      1  56543  30690   7017    0    0   128   200 8258 12908  1  1 99  0
0  0      1  56540  30691   7020    0    0     0   176 8696 13414  1  1 98  0
1  0      1  56543  30691   7017    0    0   128  1116 11617 17652  1  0 98  0
0  0      1  56541  30691   7019    0    0     0   176 7946 12529  1  0 99  0

  2. vmstat -s

    $ vmstat -s

   99197360 K total memory
   41313428 K used memory
    7193792 K active memory
   31438464 K inactive memory
   57883936 K free memory
     394068 K buffer memory
   37204624 K swap cache
    2096444 K total swap
       1992 K used swap
    2094452 K free swap
 1277643835 non-nice user cpu ticks
         11 nice user cpu ticks
  371033881 system cpu ticks
41192773129 idle cpu ticks
  247499620 IO-wait cpu ticks
      39100 IRQ cpu ticks
   48138900 softirq cpu ticks
          0 stolen cpu ticks
 4450333523 pages paged in
65678511936 pages paged out
     132467 pages swapped in
     180917 pages swapped out
 1237774778 interrupts
 3301154853 CPU context switches
 1346296992 boot time
   44515969 forks

2.2. ps

  1. ps aux

  2. ps -e -o "%c : %p : %z :%a" |sort -k5 -nr|head

2.3. dstat

  1. dstat -ms

    $ dstat -ms 1 5

------memory-usage----- ----swap---
 used  buff  cach  free| used  free
3639M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M
3641M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M
3638M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M
3638M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M
3638M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M
3641M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|1992k 2045M

  2. dstat --top-mem

    $ dstat --top-mem 1 5

--most-expensive-
  memory process
mongod      35.0G
mongod      35.0G
mongod      35.0G
mongod      35.0G
mongod      35.0G
mongod      35.0G

  3. dstat -v

    $ dstat -v 1 5

---procs--- ------memory-usage----- ---paging-- -dsk/total- ---system-- ----total-cpu-usage----
run blk new| used  buff  cach  free|  in   out | read  writ| int   csw |usr sys idl wai hiq siq
0.0   0 2.5|3649M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|  30B   41B| 247k 3638k|3162    20k|  3   1  95   1   0   0
3.0   0 2.0|3646M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|   0     0 |   0   144k|7217    11k|  1   1  99   0   0   0
  0   0 1.0|3650M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|   0     0 | 176k  376k|  17k   28k|  1   1  98   0   0   0
1.0   0 1.0|3647M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|   0     0 | 128k  160k|8258    13k|  1   0  99   0   0   0
1.0   0 5.0|3648M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|   0     0 |   0   120k|8138    12k|  1   1  99   0   0   0
  0   0 1.0|3646M  385M 35.6G 55.1G|   0     0 | 128k  336k|  15k   23k|  1   1  98   0   0   0

2.4. top

2.5. slabtop

2.6. buffer 与 cache

buffer与cache操作的对象不一样。

buffer(缓冲)是为了提高内存和硬盘(或其它I/O设备)之间的数据交换的速度而设计的。

cache(缓存)是为了提高cpu和内存之间的数据交换而设计的，也就是平常见到的一级缓存、二级缓存、三级缓存等。

cpu在执行程序所用的指令和读数据都是针对内存的，也就是从内存中取得的。由于内存的读写速度慢，为了提高cpu和内存之间的数据交换的速度，在cpu 和内存之间增加了cache，他的速度比内存块，但是造价高，又由于在cpu内不能集成太对集成电路，所以一般cache比较小，以后intel等公司为 了进一步提高速度，又增加了二级cache，甚至三级cache，它是根据程序的局部性原理而设计的，就是cpu执行的指令和访问的数据往往在集中的某一块，所以把这块内容放入cache后，cpu就不用再访问内存了，这就提高了访问速度。当然若cache中没有cpu所需要的内容，还是要访问内存的。

缓冲(buffers) 是根据磁盘的读写设计的，把分散的写操作集中进行，减少了磁盘碎片和硬盘的反复寻道，从而提高系统性能。linux有一个守护进程定期清空缓冲内容(即写入磁盘)，也可以通过sync命令手动清空缓冲。举个例子吧：我这里有一个ext2的U盘，我往里面copy一个3M的MP3.但U盘的灯没有跳动，过了 一会儿(或者手动输入sync)U盘的灯就跳动起来了。卸载设备时会清空缓冲，所以有些时候卸载一个设备要等上几秒钟。

修改/etc/sysctl.conf中的vm.swappiness右边的数字可以在下次开机时调节swap使用策略。该数字范围是0-100，数字越大越倾向于使用swap。默认为60，可以改一下试试。--两者都是RAM中的数据。

简单来说，buffer是即将要写入磁盘的，而cache是被从磁盘中读出来的。

buffer是由各种进程分配的，被用在如输入队列等方面。一个简单的例子如某个进程要求有多个字段读入，在所有字段被读入完整之前，进程就先前读入的字段放在buffer中保存。

cache经常被用在磁盘的I/O请求上，如果有多个进程都要访问某个文件，于是该文件便被做成cache以方便下次被访问，这样可提高系统性能。

3. CPU和进程状态

3.1. CPU

3.1.1. top

  1. 整体占用

    $ top

top - 11:49:30 up 3 days, 16:54,  1 user,  load average: 4.18, 3.82, 3.82
Tasks: 294 total,   4 running, 290 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 16.6 us,  0.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 83.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem:  99197352 total, 51128244 used, 48069108 free,   797128 buffers
KiB Swap:  2096444 total,        0 used,  2096444 free, 44232372 cached

us, user    : time running un-niced user processes
sy, system  : time running kernel processes
ni, nice    : time running niced user processes
wa, IO-wait : time waiting for I/O completion
hi : time spent servicing hardware interrupts
si : time spent servicing software interrupts
st : time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor

  2. 单核占用(按数字1即可查看)

    top - 11:50:19 up 3 days, 16:55,  1 user,  load average: 4.33, 3.94, 3.86
Tasks: 294 total,   5 running, 289 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu0  : 71.7 us,  1.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 26.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu1  :100.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,  0.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu2  : 48.8 us,  1.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 48.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.8 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu3  :  6.5 us,  0.8 sy,  0.0 ni, 92.7 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu4  : 11.5 us,  1.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 86.9 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu5  :  8.2 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 91.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu6  : 10.6 us,  1.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 87.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu7  : 17.9 us,  0.8 sy,  0.0 ni, 81.3 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu8  : 18.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 82.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu9  :  0.8 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu10 :  4.0 us,  0.8 sy,  0.0 ni, 95.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu11 :  0.8 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu12 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu13 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu14 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu15 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu16 :  0.0 us,  1.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 98.4 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu17 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu18 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu19 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu20 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu21 :  0.8 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu22 :  0.0 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,100.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu23 :  0.0 us,  0.8 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem:  99197352 total, 51119700 used, 48077652 free,   797228 buffers
KiB Swap:  2096444 total,        0 used,  2096444 free, 44230160 cached

3.1.2. ps

  1. ps aux

    USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.0  0.0  10648   696 ?        Ss    2012   2:39 init [2]
root         2  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S     2012   0:00 [kthreadd]
root         3  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S     2012  15:37 [ksoftirqd/0]
root         5  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S     2012   7:29 [kworker/u:0]
root         6 69.3  0.0      0     0 ?        S     2012 260714:15 [migration/0]

  2. cpu占用排名前十

    ps -e -o "%c : %p : %z :%a" |sort -k5 -nr|head

3.1.3. vmstat

  1. vmstat 1

    procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu----
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa
 2  0      1  54362    656  21028    0    0     8   135    0    0  3  1 95  0
 1  0      1  54340    656  21046    0    0     0    64 23399 38962  5  1 93  0
 1  0      1  54322    656  21064    0    0     0   236 3714 4284  5  0 95  0
 1  0      1  54303    656  21082    0    0     0    40 5053 6121  5  1 95  0
 2  0      1  54285    656  21101    0    0     0     0 11561 7237  5  1 94  0
 2  0      1  54265    656  21118    0    0     0    52 12087 19945  5  1 95  0
 1  0      1  54245    656  21136    0    0     0   172 17392 28452  5  1 94  0
 1  0      1  54227    656  21154    0    0     0     0 3600 4315  4  0 95  0
 1  0      1  54210    656  21172    0    0     0     0 6312 8115  5  0 95  0
 2  0      1  54189    656  21190    0    0     0   200 9554 17258  5  1 94  0

us: Time spent running non-kernel code.  (user time, including nice time)
sy: Time spent running kernel code.  (system time)
id: Time spent idle.  Prior to Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO-wait time.
wa: Time spent waiting for IO.  Prior to Linux 2.5.41, included in idle.
st: Time stolen from a virtual machine.  Prior to Linux 2.6.11, unknown.

3.1.4. dstat

  1. dstat

    ----total-cpu-usage---- -dsk/total- -net/total- ---paging-- ---system--
usr sys idl wai hiq siq| read  writ| recv  send|  in   out | int   csw
  3   1  95   0   0   0| 201k 3220k|   0     0 |  24B   33B|4502    25k
  5   1  94   0   0   0|   0     0 | 715k  477k|   0     0 |7078  9979
  5   1  95   0   0   0|   0   320k| 216k  140k|   0     0 |5786  8076
  5   0  95   0   0   0|   0     0 | 195k  124k|   0     0 |4611  5927
  5   1  94   0   0   0|   0   184k| 191k  111k|   0     0 |  16k   27k
  5   1  94   0   0   0|   0   176k| 399k  302k|   0     0 |  14k   23k
  5   1  94   0   0   0|   0   220k|3315k  288k|   0     0 |  15k   24k
  5   1  94   0   0   0|   0   160k| 791k  281k|   0     0 |  10k   15k
  5   1  94   0   0   0|   0   148k|1459k  252k|   0     0 |  12k   17k
  4   0  95   0   0   0|   0     0 | 407k  186k|   0     0 |3458  3454
  5   0  95   0   0   0|   0    76k| 192k   86k|   0     0 |6801  9760

  2. dstat -v

    ---procs--- ------memory-usage----- ---paging-- -dsk/total- ---system-- ----total-cpu-usage----
run blk new| used  buff  cach  free|  in   out | read  writ| int   csw |usr sys idl wai hiq siq
0.0   0 2.6|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|  24B   33B| 201k 3220k|4502    25k|  3   1  95   0   0   0
1.0   0 3.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0   268k|  19k   30k|  1   1  97   0   0   0
1.0   0 1.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0     0 |4471  6321 |  1   0  99   0   0   0
1.0   0 2.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0    64k|5223  8064 |  1   1  99   0   0   0
  0   0 2.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0   208k|  18k   30k|  1   1  97   0   0   0
  0   0 1.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0   156k|8036    12k|  1   1  99   0   0   0
1.0   0 1.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0   160k|  16k   27k|  1   1  97   0   0   0
1.0   0 3.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0   148k|7654    11k|  1   1  98   0   0   0
1.0   0 1.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0   148k|  15k   21k|  3   1  97   0   0   0
  0   0 3.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0     0 |5672  6959 |  1   1  99   0   0   0
  0   0 1.0|20.1G  656M 19.3G 54.5G|   0     0 |   0     0 |3359  4272 |  0   0  99   0   0   0

3.1.5. pidstat

3.1.6. mpstat

  1. mpstat 1 5

    Linux 3.2.0-3-amd64 (xxxx.hostname)        05/18/2013      _x86_64_        (24 CPU)

12:13:38 PM  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest   %idle
12:13:39 PM  all    5.26    0.00    0.79    0.00    0.00    0.13    0.00    0.00   93.82
12:13:40 PM  all    4.92    0.00    0.75    0.00    0.00    0.21    0.00    0.00   94.12
12:13:41 PM  all    4.64    0.00    0.59    0.00    0.00    0.17    0.00    0.00   94.60
12:13:42 PM  all    4.92    0.00    0.54    0.00    0.00    0.04    0.00    0.00   94.49
12:13:43 PM  all    5.48    0.00    1.00    0.00    0.00    0.17    0.00    0.00   93.35
Average:     all    5.05    0.00    0.74    0.00    0.00    0.14    0.00    0.00   94.08

CPU     Processor number. The keyword all indicates that statistics are calculated as averages among all processors.
%usr    Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level (application).
%nice   Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level with nice priority.
%sys    Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the system level (kernel).
%iowait Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request.
%irq    Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to service hardware interrupts.
%soft   Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to service software interrupts.
%steal  Show the percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU or CPUs while the hypervisor was servicing another virtual processor.
%guest  Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to run a virtual processor.
%idle   Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle and the system did not have an outstanding disk I/O request.

  2. mpstat -P ALL 1 5

查看单个CPU占用

3.2. 进程

3.2.1. 状态

  • R

  • S

  • D

  • T

  • Z

3.2.2. ps

  1. ps aux

  2. ps auxf

  3. ps -ef

3.2.3. top

3.2.4. lsof

  1. lsof -p pid

4. 网络

4.1. 网卡状态

  1. erhtool

    ethtool eth0

  2. mii-tool

    mii-tool eth0

  3. ip link

    ip link show

4.2. 网卡流量

  1. sar -n DEV 1 1000

  2. bmon

  3. iptraf

  4. dstat --net-packets -n

  5. iftop

4.3. 网络配置

4.3.1. ip

  1. /etc/network/interfaces

  2. ip address

  3. ifconfig

  4. curl ifconfig.me

4.3.2. route

  1. ip route

  2. netstat -rn

  3. route -n

4.4. 防火墙

  1. shorewall

  2. iptables

4.5. 调试工具

  1. lsof

  2. telnet

  3. nc

  4. netstat

  5. tcpdump/wireshark

  6. nmap

  7. tc

5. 文件系统和磁盘IO

5.1. 了解ext3，ext4，xfs，swap

  1. ext3

    mkfs.ext3

mkfs.ext3 -U uuid

  2. ext4

    mkfs.ext4

mkfs.ext4 -U uuid

  3. xfs

    mkfs.xfs

xfs_admin uuid

  4. swap

    mkswap

dd文件swap

swap分区

5.2. 会使用文件系统调试工具

  1. fsck

    fsck.ext3

fsck.ext4

fsck.xfs

5.3. 熟悉iostat，iotop

  1. iostat

    iostat -x 1 10

iostat -k 1 10

  2. iotop

  3. 查看iowait

    iostat -x 1 10

mpstat 1 10

5.4. 了解目录挂载，磁盘挂载，阅读fstab

  1. mount

    mount -a

umount

umount -l

  2. fstab

    UUID=uuid  /file ext3/ext4/xfs  noatime 0 0

  3. 内存文件系统挂载

    mount -t tmpfs -o nosuid,nodev,size=10G,mode=1777 tmpfs /mnt/

  4. 移动硬盘挂载

    mount -t ntfs -o uid=tom,gid=tom,fmask=133,dmask=022 /dev/sdz1 /mnt/usb/

  5. blkid

    /dev/sda1: UUID="b2bd9f7a-986c-4ee7-bc05-4cf43a896663" TYPE="ext3"
/dev/sda5: UUID="ff6117cf-5f8f-4b03-abcf-e784849a30eb" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda6: LABEL="var" UUID="a0a59083-abb4-40e8-a7d6-b635e0db5d46" TYPE="ext3"
/dev/sda7: LABEL="tmp" UUID="1aa5f9c8-524a-4e69-b16b-2bfbc46bd948" TYPE="ext3"
/dev/sda8: LABEL="home" UUID="73cd148c-321b-4301-b099-8e0d1b1521b3" TYPE="ext4"

5.5. 增减swap

  1. swapon

  2. swapoff

  3. 禁用swap

    echo 0 >/proc/sys/vm/swappiness

/etc/sysctl.conf && sysctl -p

sysctl -a|grep swappiness

5.6. 查看文件占用空间

  1. du -sh

  2. du -sh *

5.7. 查看文件系统占用空间

  1. df -h

  2. df -Th

  3. df -ih

5.8. 查找进程打开的文件

  1. fuser

    fuser -mv /file

  2. lsof

    lsof -i:port

lsof /file

5.9. raid管理

5.9.1. LSI MeggaSAS

  1. megacli

5.9.2. Adaptec

  1. arcconf

6. Troubleshooting

6.1. dmesg

6.2. vmstat

6.3. top/iostat/free

6.4. last/lastlog

6.5. log

/var/log/auth.log
/var/log/user.log
/var/log/messages

6.6. shell

  1. chsh -s /bin/bash user

  2. bashrc

  3. export

  4. jdk

update-java-alternatives -s java-6-sun

6.7. 经验

7. 在线资源调整

7.1. /etc/sysctl.conf

7.2. /etc/sysfs.conf

7.3. sysctl

sysctl -a

sysctl -q

7.4. /proc

7.5. /sys

8. 其他

8.1. 1. 基本命令

  • awk

  • sed

  • find

  • grep/egrep

8.2. 2. 配置管理

  • git

  • svn

8.3. 3. 窗口管理

  • tmux

  • screen

SA基础

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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/276815076/p/4409608.html
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