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Layouts

A layout defines the visual structure for a user interface, such as the UI for an activity or app widget. You can declare a layout in two ways:

一个布局为用户交互接口定义了可视化的结构，例如一个activity或者应用组件的UI。你可以用如下两种方式的一种声明一个布局：

　　1.在XM中声明UI元素。 Android提供了直接的XML词汇，这些词汇对应于View各种类和View的各种子类对应。例如一些组件和布局。

　　2.在运行时，实例化布局元素。你的应用可以通过编码的方式创建View和ViewGroup对象（并且指定它们的属性）。

The Android framework gives you the flexibility to use either or both of these methods for declaring and managing your application‘s UI. For example, you could declare your application‘s default layouts in XML, including the screen elements that will appear in them and their properties. You could then add code in your application that would modify the state of the screen objects, including those declared in XML, at run time.

The advantage to declaring your UI in XML is that it enables you to better separate the presentation of your application from the code that controls its behavior. Your UI descriptions are external to your application code, which means that you can modify or adapt it without having to modify your source code and recompile. For example, you can create XML layouts for different screen orientations, different device screen sizes, and different languages. Additionally, declaring the layout in XML makes it easier to visualize the structure of your UI, so it‘s easier to debug problems. As such, this document focuses on teaching you how to declare your layout in XML. If you‘re interested in instantiating View objects at runtime, refer to the ViewGroup and  View class references.

在XML 文件中声明的UI的优势是 这样做可以让你更好地把应用的展现和控制应用行为的代码分离。你的UI描述是对你的应用程序代码的一种扩展，也就是说你可以修改或者调整它而不需要修改你的源代码和重新编译。例如，你可以为不同的屏幕方向、设备屏幕大小、不同的语言创建不同的XML布局。而且，在XML文件中声明布局可以更容易让你的UI结构可视化，因此也容易调试出问题。鉴于这些原因，这篇文档关注于教你如何在XML文件中声明你的布局。如果你对在运行时实例化View对象感兴趣，请看ViewGroup类和View类的参考手册。

In general, the XML vocabulary for declaring UI elements closely follows the structure and naming of the classes and methods, where element names correspond to class names and attribute names correspond to methods. In fact, the correspondence is often so direct that you can guess what XML attribute corresponds to a class method, or guess what class corresponds to a given xml element. However, note that not all vocabulary is identical. In some cases, there are slight naming differences. For example, the EditText element has a text attribute that corresponds to EditText.setText().

一般来说，XML中声明UI元素的词汇遵循类和方法的结构和名字，元素名对应类名。属性名对应方法。实际上，这种对应通常是直接的以至于让你可以猜到什么XML属性对应一个类的方法，或者猜到什么类对应于一个给定的XML元素。然而，不是所有词汇是完全相同的。在一些情况下，存在稍微的名字差别。例如，EditText元素有一个text属性，它对应的方法是EditText.setText()。

Tip: Learn more about different layout types in Common Layout Objects. There are also a collection of tutorials on building various layouts in the Hello Views tutorial guide.

小提示：学习更多不同的参数类型，请看Common Layout Objects部分。在Hello View学习指南中，也有一些创建不同布局的学习指南。

Write the XML书写XML

Using Android‘s XML vocabulary, you can quickly design UI layouts and the screen elements they contain, in the same way you create web pages in HTML — with a series of nested elements.

使用android的XML词汇，你可以快速的设计UI布局和布局中包含的屏幕元素，与你在HTML中创建web页面的方式相同。都有一些内在的元素。

Each layout file must contain exactly one root element, which must be a View or ViewGroup object. Once you‘ve defined the root element, you can add additional layout objects or widgets as child elements to gradually build a View hierarchy that defines your layout. For example, here‘s an XML layout that uses a vertical LinearLayout to hold a TextView and a Button:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><LinearLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"               android:layout_width="fill_parent"                android:layout_height="fill_parent"                android:orientation="vertical">     <TextViewandroid:id="@+id/text"               android:layout_width="wrap_content"               android:layout_height="wrap_content"               android:text="Hello, I am a TextView"/>     <Buttonandroid:id="@+id/button"             android:layout_width="wrap_content"             android:layout_height="wrap_content"             android:text="Hello, I am a Button"/></LinearLayout>

After you‘ve declared your layout in XML, save the file with the .xml extension,  in your Android project‘s res/layout/ directory, so it will properly compile.

每个布局文件必须包含且仅包含一个根元素。这个根元素可以是一个View或者ViewGroup对象。一旦你定义了根元素，你可以添加额外的布局对象或者组件作为根元素的子元素。渐渐的，就可以构造出view层级出来，也即确定了你的布局。例如，下面是一个XML布局。它使用垂直的线性布局去hold一个TextView和一个Button。

More information about the syntax for a layout XML file is available in the Layout Resources document.

更多关于XML文件布局语法的信息请见Layout Resource 这篇文章。

Load the XML Resource加载XML资源

When you compile your application, each XML layout file is compiled into a View resource. You should load the layout resource from your application code, in your  Activity.onCreate() callback implementation. Do so by calling setContentView(),  passing it the reference to your layout resource in the form of:  R.layout.layout_file_name  For example, if your XML layout is saved as main_layout.xml, you would load it for your Activity like so:

publicvoid onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){     super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);     setContentView(R.layout.main_layout);}

The onCreate() callback method in your Activity is called by the Android framework when your Activity is launched (see the discussion about lifecycles, in the  Activities document).

当你编译你的应用时，每一个XML布局文件会被编译成一个View资源。你需要在你的应用程序编码中加载布局资源，在Activity.onCreate()回调方法中实现加载。加载通过调用setContentView(资源索引)的方式实现。布局资源的索引形式为：R.layout.layout_file_name。例如，你的XML布局文件保存的名字为main_layout.xml，在你的acitivity中加载它的方式如下：

publicvoid onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){     super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);     setContentView(R.layout.main_layout);}

在你的Activity中的这个onCreate()回调方法是在Activity启动的时候被Android框架调用的（请见Acitivity文档中的生命周期）。

Attributes属性

Every View and ViewGroup object supports their own variety of XML attributes. Some attributes are specific to a View object (for example, TextView supports the textSize attribute), but these attributes are also inherited by any View objects that may extend this class. Some are common to all View objects, because they are inherited from the root View class (like  the id attribute). And, other attributes are considered "layout parameters," which are  attributes that describe certain layout orientations of the View object, as defined by that object‘s parent ViewGroup object.

每个View和ViewGroup对象支持他们自己的XML属性。这些属性特定到一个View对象（例如，TextView支持textSize属性），但是这些属性也会被这个类的任一子类继承。有些属性是对所有的View对象通用的，因为它们都继承自根View类（像id属性）。有些属性被视作为“布局属性”。布局属性描述特定布局方向以确定布局里面的view对象的排列方向。布局属性是由一个对象的父ViewGroup定义的。

ID

Any View object may have an integer ID associated with it, to uniquely identify the View within the tree. When the application is compiled, this ID is referenced as an integer, but the ID is typically  assigned in the layout XML file as a string, in the id attribute. This is an XML attribute common to all View objects (defined by the View class) and you will use it very often.  The syntax for an ID, inside an XML tag is:

android:id="@+id/my_button"

任何View对象可以关联一个整形ID，用来确定树里面View的唯一性。当这个应用被编译的时候，这个ID被视为一个整数，尽管这个ID在XML布局文件中是被指定为一个字符串的形式。这个XML属性是所有View对象（通过View类定义）通用的。你可以经常使用ID。对于一个ID的语法，在XML中的标签，它是这样的：

android:id="@+id/my_button"

The  at-symbol (@) at the beginning of the string indicates that the XML parser should parse and expand the rest of the ID string and identify it as an ID resource. The plus-symbol (+) means that this is a new resource name that must be created and added to our resources (in the R.java file). There are a number of other ID resources that are offered by the Android framework. When referencing an Android resource ID, you do not need the plus-symbol, but must add the android package namespace, like so:

android:id="@android:id/empty"

With the android package namespace in place, we‘re now referencing an ID from the android.R resources class, rather than the local resources class.

这个在字符串开始地方的at标记符@表明XML解析器应该解析并且展开剩余的ID字符串并且将它作为一个ID资源。这个+标识意味着这是一个新的资源名，这个新的资源名必须被创建而且加入到我们的资源文件(R.java)中。还有很多其他的由Android framework提供的ID资源。当引用一个Android的资源ID时，你不需要添加+标识，但是必须添加android包的命名空间，例如“android:id=@android:id/empty”.使用android包的命名空间，我们现在引用android.R资源类中的一个ID，而不需要本地资源类。

In order to create views and reference them from the application, a common pattern is to:

1. Define a view/widget in the layout file and assign it a unique ID:

   <Buttonandroid:id="@+id/my_button"       android:layout_width="wrap_content"         android:layout_height="wrap_content"         android:text="@string/my_button_text"/>

2. Then create an instance of the view object and capture it from the layout  (typically in the onCreate() method):

   Button myButton =(Button) findViewById(R.id.my_button);

Defining IDs for view objects is important when creating a RelativeLayout. In a relative layout, sibling views can define their layout relative to another sibling view,  which is referenced by the unique ID.

An ID need not be unique throughout the entire tree, but it should be unique within the part of the tree you are searching (which may often be the entire tree, so it‘s best  to be completely unique when possible).

为了创建Views和从应用程序中引用这些Views，一个常用的模式如下：

1.在布局文件中定义一个view/widget并赋予它一个独特的ID：

<Buttonandroid:id="@+id/my_button"      android:layout_width="wrap_content"      android:layout_height="wrap_content"        android:text="@string/my_button_text"/>

2.然后创建view对象的一个实例并从布局中捕捉到它（通常在onCreate()方法中）:

Button myButton =(Button) findViewById(R.id.my_button);

当创建一个相对布局时，为view对象些创建IDS是很重要的。在一个相对布局中，兄弟view可以定义相对于其他兄弟view的相对布局，这样就需要引用View独特的ID。

一个ID不需要是独特的在整个树中，但它必须在你所寻找的局部树中独特。然而通常都是在整个树中进行查找，所以最好可能的话就让view的ID是全局树中是独特的。

Layout Parameters布局参数

XML layout attributes named layout_something define  layout parameters for the View that are appropriate for the ViewGroup in which it resides.

XML布局属性命名为layout_something。XML布局属性为View定义了布局参数，使View在View所居住的ViewGroup中能够合适的布局。

Every ViewGroup class implements a nested class that extends ViewGroup.LayoutParams. This subclass contains property types that define the size and position for each child view, as appropriate for the view group. As you can see in figure 1, the parent view group defines layout parameters for each child view (including the child view group).

每一个ViewGroup实现了一个内部类。这个内部类继承自ViewGroup.LayoutParams。这个子类包含了一些属性类型，包括定义每个子View大小和位置，对于view group来说合适的属性。正如你在图1看到的，父 view group为每个子view（包括view group）定义了布局参数。

Figure 1. Visualization of a view hierarchy with layout parameters associated with each view.

view层级的可视化并伴有每个view所关联的布局参数

Note that every LayoutParams subclass has its own syntax for setting values. Each child element must define LayoutParams that are appropriate for its parent,  though it may also define different LayoutParams for its own children.

注意每个布局参数子类有自己的设置值得语法。每个子元素必须定义对于它的父亲来说是合适的布局参数，尽管它也可以为它的子元素定义不同的布局参数。

All view groups include a width and height (layout_width and layout_height), and each view is required to define them. Many LayoutParams also include optional margins and borders.

所有的view groups包含一个宽和一个高属性（layout_widht和layout_height）,并且每个view也被要求定义宽和高属性。很多布局参数也包括可选的margins和borders。

You can specify width and height with exact measurements, though you probably won‘t want to do this often. More often, you will use one of these constants to set the width or height:

• wrap_content tells your view to size itself to the dimensions required by its content
• fill_parent (renamed match_parent in API Level 8) tells your view to become as big as its parent view group will allow.

你可以用指定的精确的参数指定宽度和高度，即使你或许不想经常这样做。更常用的情况是，你会使用下面元素常量中的一两个来设置宽度和高度：

wrap_content 告诉元素view根据自身内容调整元素大小

fill_parent      （在API 8 版本中，重新命名为match_parent）告诉元素view 尽可能的有它的父 view group允许的大小那样大

In general, specifying a layout width and height using absolute units such as pixels is not recommended. Instead, using relative measurements such as density-independent pixel units (dp), wrap_content, or fill_parent, is a better approach, because it helps ensure that your application will display properly across a variety of device screen sizes. The accepted measurement types are defined in the Available Resources document.

一般来说，使用绝对的单元例如pixels来指定一个布局的宽度和高度是不被推荐的。取而代之，使用相对的参数例如独立的密度像素 density-independent pixel单元（dp），wrap_content,或者fill_parent是更好的方式，因为它使你的应用在各种不同的屏幕尺寸设备上会合适的显示出来。可被接受的度量类型在Available Resources文档中定义。

Layout Position布局定位

   The geometry of a view is that of a rectangle. A view has a location,   expressed as a pair of left and top coordinates, and   two dimensions, expressed as a width and a height. The unit for location   and dimensions is the pixel.   

一个view的几何形状是一个矩形。一个view有一个位置，通过左上坐标和两个大小来表示。两个大小分别为宽和高。位置和大小的衡量单元是pixel。

   It is possible to retrieve the location of a view by invoking the methods    getLeft() and getTop(). The former returns the left, or X,   coordinate of the rectangle representing the view. The latter returns the   top, or Y, coordinate of the rectangle representing the view. These methods   both return the location of the view relative to its parent. For instance,   when getLeft() returns 20, that means the view is located 20 pixels to the   right of the left edge of its direct parent.   

通过调用方法getLeft()和getTop()可以获得view的位置。前一个方法view的矩阵的坐标的中left的值，即X；后者返回top的值，即Y。这些方法都是返回的是相对于它的parent的位置。例如，当getLeft()返回20，它表示这个view在它直接父亲view的左边界的右方20像素的位置。

   In addition, several convenience methods are offered to avoid unnecessary   computations, namely getRight() and getBottom().   These methods return the coordinates of the right and bottom edges of the   rectangle representing the view. For instance, calling getRight()   is similar to the following computation: getLeft() + getWidth().   

而且，一些方便的方法被提供了避免不必要的计算，例如getRight()和getBottom()。这些方法返回代表这个view的矩形的右部和底部的坐标。例如，调用getRight()l类似于计算 getLeft()+getWidth().

Size, Padding and Margins大小，内边距，外边距

   The size of a view is expressed with a width and a height. A view actually   possess two pairs of width and height values.   

一个view的大小通过宽和高来表示。一个view实际上拥有两对宽和高的值。

   The first pair is known as measured width and    measured height. These dimensions define how big a view wants to be   within its parent. The   measured dimensions can be obtained by calling getMeasuredWidth()   and getMeasuredHeight().   

第一对宽高值是通常知道的 标准的宽measured width 和标准的高measured height.这些像素定义了一个view想在它的父viewGroup中有多大。这个标准的大小 可以通过调用getMeasuredWidth()和getMeasuredHeight()方法获得。

   The second pair is simply known as width and height, or   sometimes drawing width and drawing height. These   dimensions define the actual size of the view on screen, at drawing time and   after layout. These values may, but do not have to, be different from the   measured width and height. The width and height can be obtained by calling    getWidth() and getHeight().    

第二对简单的被知道为 width 和 height，或者有时 画宽和画高。这些大小定义了view在屏幕的实际的大小，在布局后画的时候的大小。这个值或许，但不是必须，与标准的宽measured width和标准的高measured height。这个宽和高可以通过调用getWidth()和getHeight()获得。

   To measure its dimensions, a view takes into account its padding. The padding   is expressed in pixels for the left, top, right and bottom parts of the view.   Padding can be used to offset the content of the view by a specific amount of   pixels. For instance, a left padding of 2 will push the view‘s content by   2 pixels to the right of the left edge. Padding can be set using the    setPadding(int, int, int, int) method and queried by calling    getPaddingLeft(), getPaddingTop(),    getPaddingRight() and getPaddingBottom().     

为了衡量它的大小，一个view考虑进了它的内边距。这个内边距通过像素表述了一个view的左、上、右、底四个部分的内边距。内边距可以被用来移位view的内容，通过指定数量的像素。例如，一个左内边距为2像素，将会让这个view的内容在相对于左边界右方2像素位置。内边距可以通过使用setPadding(int,int,int,int)的方法，并且可以通过调用getPaddingLeft(),getPaddingTop(),getPaddinRight()和getPaddingBottom()方法来查询。

   Even though a view can define a padding, it does not provide any support for   margins. However, view groups provide such a support. Refer to    ViewGroup and    ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams for further information.   

For more information about dimensions, see     Dimension Values.   

 虽然一个view可以定义内边距，但它不提供对外边距的支持。然而，view groups提供了这样的支持。请参考ViewGroup和ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams得到更多的信息。

更多关于大小的信息，请看 Dimension Values.

Common Layouts 常用布局

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Each subclass of the ViewGroup class provides a unique way to display the views you nest within it. Below are some of the more common layout types that are built into the Android platform.

每个ViewGroup的子类提供了一个独特的方式去显示内嵌在viewgroup里面的view。下面是android平台上构建的，一些常用的布局方式类型

Note: Although you can nest one or more layouts within another layout to acheive your UI design, you should strive to keep your layout hierarchy as shallow as possible. Your layout draws faster if it has fewer nested layouts (a wide view hierarchy is better than a deep view hierarchy).

注意：虽然你可以在一个布局里面嵌入一个或者更多的布局，用来实现你的UI设计，然而，你应该争取让你的布局等级尽可能的浅。若果你嵌入的布局越少，你的布局绘画出来越快（一个宽的view的层级比一个深的布局层级要好）

Linear Layout

  

A layout that organizes its children into a single horizontal or vertical row. It  creates a scrollbar if the length of the window exceeds the length of the screen.

Relative Layout

  

Enables you to specify the location of child objects relative to each other (child A to the left of child B) or to the parent (aligned to the top of the parent).

Web View

  

Displays web pages.

Building Layouts with an Adapter 用一个适配器创建布局

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When the content for your layout is dynamic or not pre-determined, you can use a layout that subclasses AdapterView to populate the layout with views at runtime. A subclass of the AdapterView class uses an Adapter to bind data to its layout. The Adapter behaves as a middle-man between the data source and the AdapterView layout—the Adapter retrieves the data (from a source such as an array or a database query) and converts each entry into a view that can be added into the AdapterView layout.

当你的布局中的内容不能事先确定，你可以使用一个布局（AdapterView子类）在运行时用views动态生成布局。AdapterView的一个子类，使用Adapter去绑定数据到layout。这个Adapter在数据源和显示的AdapterView这两者中间表现为一个中间人的作用。这个Adapter获得数据（从一个源，例如数组或者数据库查询）并且转换每一数据输入到一个view中。这个view是可以被添加到AdapterView布局中的。

Common layouts backed by an adapter include:

被adapter支持的常用的布局有 List View，Grid View

List View

  

Displays a scrolling single column list.

Grid View

  

Displays a scrolling grid of columns and rows.

Filling an adapter view with data用数据填充一个adapter（适配器）

You can populate an AdapterView such as ListView or GridView by binding the AdapterView instance to an Adapter, which retrieves data from an external source and creates a View that represents each data entry.

你可以构建一个适配的视图AdapterView，例如ListView或者GridView，通过绑定AdapterView实例到一个Adapter。这个Adapter可以从一个外部源中获得数据并且创建一个view来显示获取数据中的每条数据。

Android provides several subclasses of Adapter that are useful for retrieving different kinds of data and building views for an AdapterView. The two most common adapters are:

Android提共了一些Adapter的子类，可以用这些子类方便的获取不同种类的数据并且为AdapterView创建views。两种最常用的adapters是：

ArrayAdapter数组适配器

Use this adapter when your data source is an array. By default, ArrayAdapter creates a view for each array item by calling toString() on each item and placing the contents in a TextView.   

当你的数据源是一个数组时，可以使用这个适配器adapter。默认的，一个数组适配器ArrayAdapter为某一个数组的item创建了一个view，通过在每个item上调用toString()方法并把获得内容放到一个TextView中。   

For example, if you have an array of strings you want to display in a ListView, initialize a new ArrayAdapter using a constructor to specify the layout for each string and the string array:

例如，你有一个你想显示在ListView中的字符串数组，通过为每个字符串和字符串数组指定一个布局的构造方法为来初始化一个新的ArrayAdapter实例：

ArrayAdapter adapter =newArrayAdapter<String>(this,          android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, myStringArray);

The arguments for this constructor are:构造器的参数分别是：

• Your app Context你的应用的上下文
• The layout that contains a TextView for each string in the array为数组中的字符串的布局，它包含了一个TextView。
• The string array字符串数组　　

Then simply call setAdapter() on your ListView:在你的Listview，调用setAdapter()方法：

ListView listView =(ListView) findViewById(R.id.listview); listView.setAdapter(adapter);

To customize the appearance of each item you can override the toString() method for the objects in your array. Or, to create a view for each item that‘s something other than a TextView (for example, if you want an ImageView for each array item), extend the ArrayAdapter class and override getView() to return the type of view you want for each item.

若要自定义每个item的显示，你可以为你的数组里面的对象重写toString()方法。或者，你想要为每个item创建一个不同于TextView的用来显示item的view（例如ImageView），扩展（继承）ArrayAdapter类并且重写getView（）方法来返回你想为每个item显示的view。

SimpleCursorAdapter简单游标适配器

Use this adapter when your data comes from a Cursor. When using SimpleCursorAdapter, you must specify a layout to use for each row in the Cursor and which columns in the Cursor should be inserted into which views of the layout. For example, if you want to create a list of people‘s names and phone numbers, you can perform a query that returns a Cursor containing a row for each person and columns for the names and numbers. You then create a string array specifying which columns from the Cursor you want in the layout for each result and an integer array specifying the corresponding views that each column should be placed:

 当你的数据来自于一个游标Cursor的时候，使用这个简单游标适配器SimpleCursorAdapter。当使用SimpleCursorAdapter，你必须为游标中的每一行数据指定一个布局并且指定你要把哪一列数据插入到布局中的那个views中。例如，如果你想创建一个人名和电话的列表，你可以只是你执行一个查询操作来得到一个游标Cursor，这个Cursor包含的每一行是一个人的信息，包含的列是names和numbers。你可以创建一个字符串数组并指定你想显示结果集中游标获得哪些列数据显示到布局中，并且创建一个整型数组指定这些列的数组对应的放到哪些views中：

String[] fromColumns ={ContactsContract.Data.DISPLAY_NAME,                       
   ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER};
int[] toViews ={R.id.display_name, R.id.phone_number};

When you instantiate the SimpleCursorAdapter, pass the layout to use for each result, the Cursor containing the results, and these two arrays:

当你实例化SimpleCursorAdapter时，传递布局以供每个结果使用，这个Cursor包含了结果集以及下面两个数组：

SimpleCursorAdapter adapter =newSimpleCursorAdapter(this, R.layout.person_name_and_number, cursor, fromColumns, toViews,0);
ListView listView = getListView(); listView.setAdapter(adapter);

The SimpleCursorAdapter then creates a view for each row in the Cursor using the provided layout by inserting each fromColumns item into the corresponding toViews view.

.这个SimpleCursorAdapte然后为Cursor中的每一行创建一个view，通过提供的布局。具体对应方式为：将 每个 formColumns （若干列）中的item插入对应插入到 toViews（目标view）中。

If, during the course of your application‘s life, you change the underlying data that is read by your adapter, you should call notifyDataSetChanged(). This will notify the attached view that the data has been changed and it should refresh itself.

如果，在你的应用的生命周期的过程中，你改变了被你的适配器adapter读取的 底层数据，你应该调用notifyDataSetChanged()方法。它会通知相关的view，你的数据已被改变，从而它应该自己更新数据。

Handling click events处理点击事件

You can respond to click events on each item in an AdapterView by implementing the AdapterView.OnItemClickListener interface. For example:

你可以响应一个AdapterView中的每一个item的点击事件，通过实现AdapterView.OnItemClickListener接口。例如：

// Create a message handling object as an anonymous class.
privateOnItemClickListener mMessageClickedHandler =newOnItemClickListener()
{     publicvoid onItemClick(AdapterView parent,View v,int position,long id){         // Do something in response to the click     }
};
listView.setOnItemClickListener(mMessageClickedHandler);

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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/muyable/p/3764519.html