概述
TCP校验和是一个端到端的校验和,由发送端计算,然后由接收端验证。其目的是为了发现TCP首部和数据在发送端到
接收端之间发生的任何改动。如果接收方检测到校验和有差错,则TCP段会被直接丢弃。
TCP校验和覆盖TCP首部和TCP数据,而IP首部中的校验和只覆盖IP的首部,不覆盖IP数据报中的任何数据。
TCP的校验和是必需的,而UDP的校验和是可选的。
TCP和UDP计算校验和时,都要加上一个12字节的伪首部。
Author : zhangskd @ csdn blog
伪首部
伪首部共有12字节,包含如下信息:源IP地址、目的IP地址、保留字节(置0)、传输层协议号(TCP是6)、TCP报文长度(报头+数据)。
伪首部是为了增加TCP校验和的检错能力:如检查TCP报文是否收错了(目的IP地址)、传输层协议是否选对了(传输层协议号)等。
定义
(1) RFC 793的TCP校验和定义
The checksum field is the 16 bit one‘s complement of the one‘s complement sum of all 16-bit words in the header and text.
If a segment contains an odd number of header and text octets to be checksummed, the last octet is padded on the right
with zeros to form a 16-bit word for checksum purposes. The pad is not transmitted as part of the segment. While computing
the checksum, the checksum field itself is replaced with zeros.
上述的定义说得很明确:
首先,把伪首部、TCP报头、TCP数据分为16位的字,如果总长度为奇数个字节,则在最后增添一个位都为0的字节。
把TCP报头中的校验和字段置为0(否则就陷入鸡生蛋还是蛋生鸡的问题)。
其次,用反码相加法累加所有的16位字(进位也要累加)。
最后,对计算结果取反,作为TCP的校验和。
(2) RFC 1071的IP校验和定义
1. Adjacent octets to be checksummed are paired to form 16-bit integers, and the 1‘s complement sum of these
16-bit integers is formed.
2. To generate a checksum, the checksum field itself is cleared, the 16-bit 1‘s complement sum is computed over
the octets concerned, and the 1‘s complement of this sum is placed in the checksum field.
3. To check a checksum, the 1‘s complement sum is computed over the same set of octets, including the checksum
field. If the result is all 1 bits (-0 in 1‘s complement arithmetic), the check succeeds.
可以看到,TCP校验和、IP校验和的计算方法是基本一致的,除了计算的范围不同。
实现
基于2.6.18、x86_64。
csum_tcpudp_nofold()按4字节累加伪首部到sum中。
- static inline unsigned long csum_tcpudp_nofold (unsigned long saddr, unsigned long daddr,
- unsigned short len, unsigned short proto,
- unsigned int sum)
- {
- asm("addl %1, %0\n"
- "adcl %2, %0\n"
- "adcl %3, %0\n"
- "adcl $0, %0\n"
- : "=r" (sum)
- : "g" (daddr), "g" (saddr), "g" ((ntohs(len) << 16) + proto*256), "0" (sum));
- return sum;
- }
csum_tcpudp_magic()产生最终的校验和。
首先,按4字节累加伪首部到sum中。
其次,累加sum的低16位、sum的高16位,并且对累加的结果取反。
最后,截取sum的高16位,作为校验和。
- static inline unsigned short int csum_tcpudp_magic(unsigned long saddr, unsigned long daddr,
- unsigned short len, unsigned short proto,
- unsigned int sum)
- {
- return csum_fold(csum_tcpudp_nofold(saddr, daddr, len, proto, sum));
- }
-
- static inline unsigned int csum_fold(unsigned int sum)
- {
- __asm__(
- "addl %1, %0\n"
- "adcl 0xffff, %0"
- : "=r" (sum)
- : "r" (sum << 16), "0" (sum & 0xffff0000)
-
-
-
- );
-
- return (~sum) >> 16;
- }
发送校验
- #define CHECKSUM_NONE 0
- #define CHECKSUM_HW 1
- #define CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY 2
- #define CHECKSUM_PARTIAL CHECKSUM_HW
- #define CHECKSUM_COMPLETE CHECKSUM_HW
@tcp_transmit_skb()
icsk->icsk_af_ops->send_check(sk, skb->len, skb); /* 计算校验和 */
- void tcp_v4_send_check(struct sock *sk, int len, struct sk_buff *skb)
- {
- struct inet_sock *inet = inet_sk(sk);
- struct tcphdr *th = skb->h.th;
-
- if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_HW) {
-
- th->check = ~tcp_v4_check(th, len, inet->saddr, inet->daddr, 0);
- skb->csum = offsetof(struct tcphdr, check);
-
- } else {
-
- th->check = tcp_v4_check(th, len, inet->saddr, inet->daddr,
- csum_partial((char *)th, th->doff << 2, skb->csum));
- }
- }
- unsigned csum_partial(const unsigned char *buff, unsigned len, unsigned sum)
- {
- return add32_with_carry(do_csum(buff, len), sum);
- }
-
- static inline unsigned add32_with_carry(unsigned a, unsigned b)
- {
- asm("addl %2, %0\n\t"
- "adcl $0, %0"
- : "=r" (a)
- : "0" (a), "r" (b));
- return a;
- }
do_csum()用于计算一段内存的校验和,这里用于累加TCP报头。
具体计算时用到一些技巧:
1. 反码累加时,按16位、32位、64位来累加的效果是一样的。
2. 使用内存对齐,减少内存操作的次数。
- static __force_inline unsigned do_csum(const unsigned char *buff, unsigned len)
- {
- unsigned odd, count;
- unsigned long result = 0;
-
- if (unlikely(len == 0))
- return result;
-
-
- odd = 1 & (unsigned long) buff;
- if (unlikely(odd)) {
- result = *buff << 8;
- len--;
- buff++;
- }
- count = len >> 1;
-
- if (count) {
-
- if (2 & (unsigned long) buff) {
- result += *(unsigned short *)buff;
- count--;
- len -= 2;
- buff += 2;
- }
- count >>= 1;
-
- if (count) {
- unsigned long zero;
- unsigned count64;
-
- if (4 & (unsigned long)buff) {
- result += *(unsigned int *)buff;
- count--;
- len -= 4;
- buff += 4;
- }
- count >>= 1;
-
-
- zero = 0;
- count64 = count >> 3;
- while (count64) {
- asm ("addq 0*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "addq 1*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "adcq 2*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "adcq 3*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "adcq 4*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "adcq 5*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "adcq 6*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "adcq 7*8(%[src]), %[res]\n\t"
- "adcq %[zero], %[res]"
- : [res] "=r" (result)
- : [src] "r" (buff), [zero] "r" (zero), "[res]" (result));
- buff += 64;
- count64--;
- }
-
-
-
-
- count %= 8;
- while (count) {
- asm ("addq %1, %0\n\t"
- "adcq %2, %0\n"
- : "=r" (result)
- : "m" (*(unsigned long *)buff), "r" (zero), "0" (result));
- --count;
- buff += 8;
- }
-
-
- result = add32_with_carry(result>>32, result&0xffffffff);
-
-
- if (len & 4) {
- result += *(unsigned int *) buff;
- buff += 4;
- }
- }
-
-
- if (len & 2) {
- result += *(unsigned short *) buff;
- buff += 2;
- }
- }
-
-
- if (len & 1)
- result += *buff;
-
-
- result = add32_with_carry(result>>32, result & 0xffffffff);
-
-
- if (unlikely(odd)) {
- result = from32to16(result);
-
- result = ((result >> 8) & 0xff) | ((result & oxff) << 8);
- }
-
- return result;
- }
- static inline unsigned short from32to16(unsigned a)
- {
- unsigned short b = a >> 16;
- asm ("addw %w2, %w0\n\t"
- "adcw $0, %w0\n"
- : "=r" (b)
- : "0" (b), "r" (a));
- return b;
- }
csum_partial_copy_from_user()用于拷贝用户空间数据到内核空间,同时计算用户数据的校验和,
结果保存到skb->csum中(X86_64)。
-
- unsigned int csum_partial_copy_from_user(const unsigned char __user *src,
- unsigned char *dst, int len, unsigned int isum, int *errp)
- {
- might_sleep();
- *errp = 0;
-
- if (likely(access_ok(VERIFY_READ, src, len))) {
-
-
- if (unlikely((unsigned long)src & 6)) {
- while (((unsigned long)src & 6) && len >= 2) {
- __u16 val16;
- *errp = __get_user(val16, (__u16 __user *)src);
- if (*errp)
- return isum;
- *(__u16 *)dst = val16;
- isum = add32_with_carry(isum, val16);
- src += 2;
- dst += 2;
- len -= 2;
- }
- }
-
-
- isum = csum_parial_copy_generic((__force void *)src, dst, len, isum, errp, NULL);
-
- if (likely(*errp == 0))
- return isum;
- }
-
- *errp = -EFAULT;
- memset(dst, 0, len);
- return isum;
- }
上述的实现比较复杂,来看下最简单的csum_partial_copy_from_user()实现(um)。
- unsigned int csum_partial_copy_from_user(const unsigned char *src,
- unsigned char *dst, int len, int sum,
- int *err_ptr)
- {
- if (copy_from_user(dst, src, len)) {
- *err_ptr = -EFAULT;
- return (-1);
- }
-
- return csum_partial(dst, len, sum);
- }
接收校验
@tcp_v4_rcv
/* 检查校验和 */
if (skb->ip_summed != CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY && tcp_v4_checksum_init(skb))
goto bad_packet;
接收校验的第一部分,主要是计算伪首部。
- static int tcp_v4_checksum_init(struct sk_buff *skb)
- {
-
- if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_HW) {
-
-
- if (! tcp_v4_check(skb->h.th, skb->len, skb->nh.iph->saddr, skb->nh.iph->daddr, skb->csum)) {
- skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY;
- return 0;
-
- }
- }
-
-
- skb->csum = csum_tcpudp_nofold(skb->nh.iph->saddr, skb->nh.iph->daddr, skb->len, IPPROTO_TCP, 0);
-
-
-
- if (skb->len <= 76) {
- return __skb_checksum_complete(skb);
- }
- }
接收校验的第二部分,计算报头和报文。
tcp_v4_rcv、tcp_v4_do_rcv()
| --> tcp_checksum_complete()
| --> __tcp_checksum_complete()
| --> __skb_checksum_complete()
tcp_rcv_established()
| --> tcp_checksum_complete_user()
| --> __tcp_checksum_complete_user()
| --> __tcp_checksum_complete()
| --> __skb_checksum_complete()
- unsigned int __skb_checksum_complete(struct sk_buff *skb)
- {
- unsigned int sum;
-
- sum = (u16) csum_fold(skb_checksum(skb, 0, skb->len, skb->csum));
-
- if (likely(!sum)) {
-
- if (unlikely(skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_HW))
- netdev_rx_csum_fault(skb->dev);
- skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY;
- }
- return sum;
- }
计算skb包的校验和时,可以指定相对于skb->data的偏移量offset。
由于skb包可能由分页和分段,所以需要考虑skb->data + offset是位于此skb段的线性区中、
还是此skb的分页中,或者位于其它分段中。这个函数逻辑比较复杂。
- unsigned int skb_checksum(const struct sk_buff *skb, int offset, int len, unsigned int csum)
- {
- int start = skb_headlen(skb);
-
- int i, copy = start - offset;
- int pos = 0;
-
-
- if (copy > 0) {
- if (copy > len)
- copy = len;
-
-
- csum = csum_partial(skb->data + offset, copy, csum);
-
- if ((len -= copy) == 0)
- return csum;
-
- offset += copy;
- pos = copy;
- }
-
-
- for (i = 0; i < skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags; i++) {
- int end;
- BUG_TRAP(start <= offset + len);
-
- end = start + skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[i].size;
-
- if ((copy = end - offset) > 0) {
- unsigned int csum2;
- u8 *vaddr;
- skb_frag_t *frag = &skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[i];
-
- if (copy > len)
- copy = len;
-
- vaddr = kmap_skb_frag(frag);
- csum2 = csum_partial(vaddr + frag->page_offset + offset - start, copy, 0);
- kunmap_skb_frag(vaddr);
-
-
- csum = csum_block_add(csum, csum2, pos);
-
- if (! (len -= copy))
- return csum;
-
- offset += copy;
- pos += copy;
- }
- start = end;
- }
-
-
- if (skb_shinfo(skb)->frag_list) {
- struct sk_buff *list = skb_shinfo(skb)->frag_list;
-
- for (; list; list = list->next) {
- int end;
- BUG_TRAP(start <= offset + len);
-
- end = start + list->len;
-
- if ((copy = end - offset) > 0) {
- unsigned int csum2;
- if (copy > len)
- copy = len;
-
- csum2 = skb_checksum(list, offset - start, copy, 0);
- csum = csum_block_add(csum, csum2, pos);
- if ((len -= copy) == 0)
- return csum;
-
- offset += copy;
- pos += copy;
- }
- start = end;
- }
- }
-
- BUG_ON(len);
- return csum;
- }