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BACKGROUND
Advances in semi-conductor processing and logic design have permitted an increase in the amount of logic that may be present on integrated circuit devices. As a result, computer system configurations have evolved from a single or multiple integrated circuits in a system to multiple cores and multiple logical processors present on individual integrated circuits. A processor or integrated circuit typically comprises a single processor die, where the processor die may include any number of cores or logical processors.
The ever increasing number of cores and logical processors on integrated circuits enables more software threads to be concurrently executed. However, the increase in the number of software threads that may be executed simultaneously have created problems with synchronizing data shared among the software threads. One common solution to accessing shared data in multiple core or multiple logical processor systems comprises the use of locks to guarantee mutual exclusion across multiple accesses to shared data. However, the ever increasing ability to execute multiple software threads potentially results in false contention and a serialization of execution.
For example, consider a hash table holding shared data. With a lock system, a programmer may lock the entire hash table, allowing one thread to access the entire hash table. However, throughput and performance of other threads is potentially adversely affected, as they are unable to access any entries in the hash table, until the lock is released. Alternatively, each entry in the hash table may be locked. However, this increases programming complexity, as programmers have to account for more locks within a hash table.
Another data synchronization technique includes the use of transactional memory (TM). Often transactional execution includes speculatively executing a grouping of a plurality of micro-operations, operations, or instructions. In the example above, both threads execute within the hash table, and their accesses are monitored/tracked. If both threads access/alter the same entry, one of the transactions may be aborted to resolve the conflict. One type of transactional execution includes a Software Transactional Memory (STM), where accesses are tracked, conflict resolution, abort tasks, and other transactional tasks are performed in software.
Previously, to ensure runtime conflicts between transactional memory operations and non-transactional memory operations do not occur, compilers treat each non-transactional memory operation as a single operation transaction. In other words, transactional operations are inserted at non-transactional memory operations to ensure runtime conflicts do not occur. However, execution of extensive barriers at non-transactional memory operations potentially wastes execution cycles.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The method and apparatus described herein are for providing strong atomicity in a transactional memory system. Specifically, providing strong atomicity is primarily discussed in reference to an (STM) system utilizing cache line based conflict detection and timestamp based consistency. However, the methods and apparatus for providing strong atomicity are not so limited, as they may be implemented on or in association with any transactional memory system.
Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of a multi-processing element processor capable of providing optimized strong atomicity in a transactional memory system is illustrated. A processing element refers to a thread, a process, a context, a logical processor, a hardware thread, a core, and/or any processing element, which shares access to resources of the processor, such as reservation units, execution units, pipelines, and/or higher level caches/memory. A physical processor typically refers to an integrated circuit, which potentially includes any number of other processing elements, such as cores or hardware threads.
A core often refers to logic located on an integrated circuit capable of maintaining an independent architectural state wherein each independently maintained architectural state is associated with at least some dedicated execution resources. In contrast to cores, a hardware thread typically refers to any logic located on an integrated circuit capable of maintaining an independent architectural state wherein the independently maintained architectural states share access to execution resources. Physical processor?100, as illustrated in FIG. 1, includes two cores, core?101?and?102, which share access to higher level cache?110. In addition, core101?includes two hardware threads?101a?and?101b, while core?102?includes two hardware threads?102a?and?102b. Therefore, software entities, such as an operating system, potentially view processor?100?as four separate processors, while processor?100?is capable of executing four software threads.
As can be seen, when certain resources are shared and others are dedicated to an architectural state, the line between the nomenclature of a hardware thread and core overlaps. Yet often, a core and a hardware thread are viewed by an operating system as individual logical processors, where the operating system is able to individually schedule operations on each logical processor. In other words, software views two cores or threads on a physical processor as two independent processors. Additionally, each core potentially includes multiple hardware threads for executing multiple software threads. Therefore, a processing element includes any of the aforementioned elements capable of maintaining a context, such as cores, threads, hardware threads, virtual machines, or other resources.
In one embodiment, processor?100?is a multi-core processor capable of executing multiple threads in parallel. Here, a first thread is associated with architecture state registers?101a, a second thread is associated with architecture state registers?101b,a?third thread is associated with architecture state registers?102a, and a fourth thread is associated with architecture state registers?102b. Reference to processing elements in processor?100, in one embodiment, includes reference to cores?101?and?102, as well as threads?101a,?101b,?102a, and?102b. In another embodiment, a processing element refers to elements at the same level in a hierarchy of processing domain. For example, core?101?and?102?are in the same domain level, and threads?101a,?101b,?102a, and?102b?are in the same domain level, as they are all included within a core‘s domain.
Although processor?100?may include asymmetric cores, i.e. cores with different configurations, functional units, and/or logic, symmetric cores are illustrated. As a result, core?102, which is illustrated as identical to core?101, will not be discussed in detail to avoid obscuring the discussion.
As illustrated, architecture state registers?101a?are replicated in architecture state registers?101b, so individual architecture states/contexts are capable of being stored for logical processor?101a?and logical processor?101b. Other smaller resources, such as instruction pointers and renaming logic in rename allocater logic?130may also be replicated for threads?101a?and?101b. Some resources, such as re-order buffers in reorder/retirement unit?135, ILTB?120, load/store buffers, and queues may be shared through partitioning. Other resources, such as general purpose internal registers, page-table base register, low-level data-cache and data-TLB115, execution unit(s)?140, and portions of out-of-order unit?135?are potentially fully shared.
Bus interface module?105?is to communicate with devices external to processor?100, such as system memory?175, a chipset, a northbridge, or other integrated circuit. Memory?175?may be dedicated to processor?100?or shared with other devices in a system. Examples of memory?175?includes dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), non-volatile memory (NV memory), and long-term storage.
Typically bus interface unit?105?includes input/output (I/O) buffers to transmit and receive bus signals on interconnect?170. Examples of interconnect?170?include a Gunning Transceiver Logic (GTL) bus, a GTL+ bus, a double data rate (DDR) bus, a pumped bus, a differential bus, a cache coherent bus, a point-to-point bus, a multi-drop bus or other known interconnect implementing any known bus protocol. Bus interface unit?105?as shown is also to communicate with higher level cache?110.
Higher-level or further-out cache?110?is to cache recently fetched and/or operated on elements. Note that higher-level or further-out refers to cache levels increasing or getting further way from the execution unit(s). In one embodiment, higher-level cache?110?is a second-level data cache. However, higher level cache?110is not so limited, as it may be or include an instruction cache, which may also be referred to as a trace cache. A trace cache may instead be coupled after decoder?125?to store recently decode traces. Module?120?also potentially includes a branch target buffer to predict branches to be executed/taken and an instruction-translation buffer (I-TLB) to store address translation entries for instructions. Here, a processor capable of speculative execution potentially prefetches and speculatively executes predicted branches.
Decode module?125?is coupled to fetch unit?120?to decode fetched elements. In one embodiment, processor?100?is associated with an Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), which defines/specifies instructions executable on processor?100. Here, often machine code instructions recognized by the ISA include a portion of the instruction referred to as an opcode, which references/specifies an instruction or operation to be performed.
In one example, allocator and renamer block?130?includes an allocator to reserve resources, such as register files to store instruction processing results. However, threads?101a?and?101b?are potentially capable of out-of-order execution, where allocator and renamer block?130?also reserves other resources, such as reorder buffers to track instruction results. Unit?130?may also include a register renamer to rename program/instruction reference registers to other registers internal to processor?100. Reorder/retirement unit?135?includes components, such as the reorder buffers mentioned above, load buffers, and store buffers, to support out-of-order execution and later in-order retirement of instructions executed out-of-order.
Scheduler and execution unit(s) block?140, in one embodiment, includes a scheduler unit to schedule instructions/operation on execution units. In fact, instructions/operations are potentially scheduled on execution units according to their type availability. For example, a floating point instruction is scheduled on a port of an execution unit that has an available floating point execution unit. Register files associated with the execution units are also included to store information instruction processing results. Exemplary execution units include a floating point execution unit, an integer execution unit, a jump execution unit, a load execution unit, a store execution unit, and other known execution units.
Lower level data cache and data translation buffer (D-TLB)?150?are coupled to execution unit(s)?140. The data cache is to store recently used/operated on elements, such as data operands, which are potentially held in memory coherency states, such as modified, exclusive, shared, and invalid (MESI) states. The D-TLB is to store recent virtual/linear to physical address translations. As a specific example, a processor may include a page table structure to break physical memory into a plurality of virtual pages. Data cache?150?may be utilized as a transactional memory or other memory to track tentative accesses during execution of a transaction, as discussed in more detail below. Furthermore, when tracking tentative accesses utilizing a STM system, software tables/data may be held in system memory?175?and cached in lower level cache?150.
A transaction, which may also be referred to as a critical section of code, includes a grouping of instructions, operations, or micro-operations, which may be grouped by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. For example, instructions or operations may be used to demarcate a transaction or a critical section. Typically, during execution of a transaction, updates to memory are not made globally visible until the transaction is committed. While the transaction is still pending, locations loaded from and written to within a memory are tracked. Upon successful validation of those memory locations, the transaction is committed and updates made during the transaction are made globally visible.
However, if the transaction is invalidated during its pendancy, the transaction is restarted without making the updates globally visible. As a result, pendancy of a transaction, as used herein, refers to a transaction that has begun execution and has not been committed or aborted, i.e. pending. Example implementations for transactional execution include a Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) system, a Software Transactional Memory (STM) system, and a combination thereof.
A Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) system often refers to tracking access during execution of a transaction with processor?100?in hardware of processor?100. For example, cache?150?is to cache a data item/object from system memory?175. During execution of a transaction, an annotation/attribute field, which is associated with the cache line in cache?150?holding the data object is utilized to track accesses to and from the cache line. In one embodiment, the annotation field includes a read storage cell and a write storage cell. Each of the storage cells is set upon the corresponding read or write to indicate if a read or write has occurred during a pendancy of a transaction.
A Software Transactional Memory (STM) system often refers to performing access tracking, conflict resolution, or other transactional memory tasks in or at least partially in software. As a general example, a compiler, when executed, compiles program code to insert read and write barriers for load and store operations, accordingly, which are part of transactions within the program code. A compiler may also insert other transaction or non-transaction related operations, such as commit operations, abort operations, bookkeeping operations, conflict detection operations, and strong atomicity operations.
As stated above, previously non-transactional memory operations are treated as single transactions in a strongly atomic system that provided isolation between transactional and non-transactional code. Usually, a compiler inserts operations at the non-transactional memory access to ensure strong atomicity, i.e. ensuring validity between transactional and non-transactional memory operations. An example of a previous operation inserted at a non-transactional memory access operation to ensure strong atomicity includes a lock operation, such as a test operation, to determine if a lock indicates a memory location is available/un-owned. However, in one embodiment, a reduced number of strong atomicity operations are inserted to ensure validity without performing some slowpath operations, such as the lock operation, to determine if a lock is available. More detail of providing efficient strong atomicity is discussed below.
Referring to FIG. 2, a simplified illustrative embodiment of a STM system is depicted. Data object?201?includes any granularity of data, such as a word, a data element/operand, an instruction, a line of memory, a cache line, a programming language defined object, a field of a programming language defined object, a table, a hash table, or any other known data structure or object. In one embodiment, an address referencing or associated with data object?201, such as a physical or virtual address, is hashed to index into an array/table of lock/meta-data locations, such as array of meta-data?240. As a specific example, a number of the lower bits of an address are masked off and then hashed to index into array of locks?240. Here, data object?201?is said to be associated with cache line?215, as cache line?215?is to hold/cache data object?201. Furthermore, data object?201?is also said to be associated with meta-data location?250, as an address referencing data object201?or location?250, is utilized to index into table?240?at location?250.
Usually, a value held in meta-data location?250?indicates whether data object?201?is locked or available. In one embodiment, when data object?201?is locked, meta-data location?250?includes a first value to represent a locked state, such as read/write owned state?252. Yet, any lock or lock state may be utilized and represented in meta-data location?250. When unlocked, or available, meta-data location?250?includes a second value to indicate an unlocked state. In one embodiment, the second value is to represent version number?251. Here, version number?251?is updated, such as incremented, upon a write to data object?201, to track a current version of data object?201.
Read/load operations are logged in read log?265?while write/store operations are buffered or logged in write space?270. This logging/buffering is often referred to as barrier operations, as they often provide obstacles to be performed for validating a transactional read or write operation. In one embodiment, logging a read includes updating or creating an entry in read log?265?with representation of an address?266?associated with version number?251. Here, read log?265?may resemble an address based lookup table with address?266, which may be a linear, virtual, physical, or other portion of an address referencing data object?201, being associated with corresponding version number?251. Note that read log?265?may be a data object, such as data object?201, which is to be held in a system memory and cached in cache?205.
In one embodiment, a write to data object?201?updates cache line?215?with a new value, and old value?272?is held in write space?270. Upon committing the transaction, the old values in write log?270?are discarded and the tentative values are made globally visible, and conversely, upon aborting the transaction, the old values are restored to the original locations overwriting the tentatively held values. Often, this type of software transactional memory (STM) system is referred to as a write log STM or an in-place update STM, as write space?270?resembles a write log to hold old values, while tentative transaction values are "updated in-place."
In another embodiment, a write to data object?201?is buffered in write space?270, which resembles a write buffer, while old values remain in their original locations. Here, write buffer?270?holds a tentative transaction value to be written to location?215. Upon aborting the transaction, the tentative values held in write buffer270?are discarded, and conversely, upon committing the transaction, the tentative values are copied to the corresponding memory locations overwriting the old values. Often, this type of software transactional memory (STM) system is referred to as a write buffering STM, as write space?270?resembles a write buffer with tentative transaction values being buffered/held in write space?270.
Note, that write space?270?may include any storage area. In one embodiment, write space?270?is a higher level memory, such as a second level cache or system memory. In another embodiment, write space?270?may be a separate write space held in registers or other locations of memory. Write space?270?may resemble a lookup table with an address associated with a logged old value or buffered tentative value. In yet another embodiment, write space?270?may include a program stack or separate stack memory held in any of the aforementioned storage areas or a separate storage area.
However, whether write space?270?is utilized as a write-buffer to buffer tentative values or a write-log to log old values, the write, when committed, releases lock?250. In one embodiment, releasing lock?250?includes returning meta-data location?250?to a value that represents an unlocked or un-owned state. This value is obtained by incrementing a global timestamp. This timestamp counts the number of transactions that have finished executing i.e committing or aborting. This versioning allows for other transactions to validate their reads that loaded data object?201?by comparing the other transactions logged version values in their read logs to current version value?251.
The example above includes one embodiment of implementing an STM; however, any known implementation of an STM may be used. In fact, any known system for performing transactional memory may also be used, such as an HTM, an STM, an Unbounded Transactional Memory (UTM) system, a hybrid Transactional Memory system, such as a hardware accelerated STM (HASTM), or any other transactional memory system. For example, HTM features, such as annotation bits, may be utilized to accelerate an STM, such as being set/reset based on accesses to the cache line, which software may interpret and utilize to accelerate transactional tracking/conflict detection on a cache line level.
As stated above, a compiler, when executed, to compile program or application code, may insert, at transactional memory accesses, transactional operations, when executed, to perform read and write barrier functions. Examples of read barrier operations include: computing an index into table of locks?240?to determine location?250, testing to see if meta-data location?250?holds an un-owned version value, and logging the version value in read log?265.
In one embodiment, efficient strong atomicity operations are inserted at non-transactional memory accesses to perform optimized read barrier functions to provide strong atomicity, i.e. ensure valid non-transactional memory accesses. As an example, the strong atomicity operations, when executed, are to determine if a memory location to be accessed by the non-transactional read access has been updated since a beginning of a function. To illustrate, a strong atomicity operation is inserted at the beginning of each function. The strong atomicity operation, when executed, is to make a local copy of Global Transaction Value (GTV).
The GTV is incremented in response to ending a transaction. In one embodiment, after the GTV is incremented, the new GTV value is used as an un-owned version value to release locks. In other words, a GTV tracks/indicates the latest or most recent transaction to abort/commit, which often results in the GTV being referred to as a Most Recent Transaction Value. As a result, a local copy of the GTV at a specific time, such as at a beginning of a function, may be referred to as a timestamp, as it provides a snapshot of the GTV at a beginning of the function. Therefore, in the embodiment discussed above, at the beginning of a function, a copy of the GTV is made. This local copy, which is referred to here as a Local Transaction Value, indicates the latest transaction to update memory locations at the time of the copy/move, i.e. the beginning of the function.
In one embodiment, a strong atomicity operation inserted at a non-transactional memory access within the function, when executed, is to compare the LTV with a version value associated with a memory location to be accessed as a result of executing the non-transactional memory read operation. Here, if the version value is greater than the LTV, then the memory location has been updated since a beginning of the function. In other words, since the time the GTV was copied as an LTV, a transaction has ended, the GTV has been incremented, and the new GTV has been written as a new version to a lock location associated with the memory location. Therefore, when the version is greater than the LTV, it is determined that at least the above update process has occurred. In contrast, if the version value is equal to or less than the LTV, then the memory location has not been updated since the beginning of the function. In one embodiment, the lock location stores a value with the highest bit set when it is locked, while all version numbers (and the value in the GTV) always have the highest bit unset. To prevent overflow of the GTV as a result of many committing transactions, a larger value, such as a?64?bit value, may be utilized.
To illustrate, assume a non-transactional memory operation in a function includes a load operation to load from cache line?215. At the beginning of the function, a GTV, which we in this example starts at a decimal value of 10, is copied as a LTV in response to executing a first strong atomicity operation. As execution continues, assume a transaction updates cache line?215?during commit, increments the GTV to a decimal value of 12, and releases lock?250?associated with line?215?utilizing the incremented GTV value of 12. When the non-transactional load is encountered a second strong atomicity operation is executed to compare the LTV with a current version held in meta-data location?250. As meta-data location?250?has been previously updated to 12 and the LTV holds a value of 10, then it is determined that line?215?has been updated since a beginning of the function. Consequently, any number of actions may be taken in response to determining a location to be accessed has been updated, such as executing slowpath, i.e. extra strong atomicity barrier, operations to ensure validity of the non-transactional load operation.
In another embodiment, the strong atomicity operation inserted at a non-transactional memory access, when executed, is to compare the LTV value to a counter value, which indicates a number of transactions that have started. In other words, here, it is not determined if the specific memory location has been updated from a beginning of a function, but rather if any transaction has started updating any memory locations from the beginning of the function. The transaction counter is incremented in response to a transaction starting and/or a transaction starting to update memory locations. For example, in a write-buffering STM, the counter is incremented when a transaction reaches a commit point and starts to update memory locations. As another example, in a write-log or in-place update STM, the counter is incremented when the transaction is started.
Utilizing the example from above, at a beginning of a function including the non-transactional load operation, a GTV of 10 is copied as an LTV, and a start transaction counter also initially holds a value of 10. Here, when another transaction begins or starts updating memory locations, depending on the implementation, a start transaction counter is incremented, i.e. from a value of 10 to 11. However, the second strong atomicity operation in this embodiment, when executed, is to compare the LTV to the start transaction counter. When the counter is the equal to or less than the LTV, then the non-transactional load is determined to be valid, i.e. a transaction has not updated memory locations since a beginning of the function.
However, as in this example, when the start transaction counter value, i.e. 11, is greater than the LTV, i.e. 10, then it is determined memory locations have been updated since the beginning of the function, i.e. a transaction has started updating memory locations since the beginning of the function. As above, any number of actions may be taken in response to determining memory locations have been updated since a beginning of the function, such as executing slowpath operations, executing a handler, and/or utilizing another method of ensuring data validity.
Turning to FIG. 3a, an embodiment of logic to provide efficient strong atomicity is illustrated. In one embodiment, the logic illustrated in FIG. 3a?is included in an integrated circuit, such as in a microprocessor. Processing element?301?and?302?include any processing element mentioned above, such as a hardware thread, a core, or other logical processor/processing element. Storage element?305?is to hold a global transaction value (GTV). Note, that a storage element includes any storage area to hold values, such as a register, memory location, cache location, stack location, or other storage area. For example, storage element?305?includes a register to hold a GTV. In another embodiment, a program stack location is to hold the GTV.
At a beginning of a function to be executed on PE?301, a copy of the GTV is to be held in storage element?301b?as a Local Transaction Value (LTV) in response to executing operation?351. As above, storage element?301b?may include any storage element/area, such as a register, memory location, cache location, stack location, or other storage area. Note that storage element?301b?is illustrated within PE?301; however, storage element?301b?may be associated with PE?301?in any manner. For example, storage element?301b?may be a register in a group of registers associated with PE?301?or be a program stack location associated with processing element?301. Although not specifically, discussed storage element?302b?operates in a similar manner as storage element?301b. As illustrated, elements?301b?and?302b?are separate; however, they may be physically located within the same device or storage area and associated with PEs?301?and?302, accordingly. GTV may also be referred to as a Most Recent Transaction Value, i.e. indicating the last transaction to abort/commit, or as a global timestamp, i.e. indicating a transaction or number of transactions committed/aborted at a specific point in time. As illustrated, operation?351, essentially takes a snapshot of the GTV held in storage element?305?at a beginning of execution of a function.
Operation?352?includes a non-transactional load operation, i.e. a load operation not included in a critical section of a transaction, when executed, to load from cache line?310. Processing element?302?executes transactional operation?353, such as a commit operation, an abort operation, and/or a store operation, which results in updating of cache line?310. In one embodiment, at commit or an abort of the transaction, the GTV held in storage element?305?is updated/incremented. The newly incremented GTV may be utilized as a version number to update meta-data location?315, which is associated with cache line?310.
Note from above, as an example, meta-data location?315?may be associated with cache line?310?through a hash function of at least a portion of an address associated with line?310?to index into meta-data location?315?within a table of meta-data locations. Also, in one embodiment, a version number in location?315?indicates cache line?310?is unlocked/un-owned. Alternatively, cache line?310?is locked in response to a locked/owned value being held in location?315. As an example, a locked/owned value is indicated in location by?315?through a logical one being held in the most-significant bit (MSB) position of location?315, while a version number is indicated through a logical zero being held in the MSB position of location?315.
Compare logic?320, in operation?354, compares the lock value held in meta-data location?315?with the copy of GTV?305?from the beginning of the function held in LTV storage area?310b. If the value held in location?315?is less than or equal to the LTV in?301b?indicating that the version held in location?315?and by association memory location?310?has not been updated since GTV?305?was copied into LTV storage element?301b, then execution continues normally. When the access is determined to be valid, the execution flow continues without execution of additional extraneous barrier operations.
In contrast, if the value held in meta-data location?315?is greater than the LTV held in storage element?310b, then it is determined that memory location?310?has been updated since the GTV was cached in LTV storage element?301b. Note, in the embodiment where a locked value includes a logical one held in the MSB position of location?315, the locked value will be greater than any GTV utilized as a version number to update location?315, as a version number includes a zero in the MSB position. Therefore, in one embodiment, it is determined location?310?has been updated from the time location?315?holds a locked value through the time meta-data location?315?is updated to a greater version value.
In response to the lock value held in location?315?being greater than an LTV held in storage element?301b, any number of strong atomicity resolution actions may be taken. As one example, a group of slowpath operations may be executed to ensure a valid non-transactional memory access. The slowpath operations may include other more cautious operations, such as testing/checking of lock availability before performing the access. As another example, other contention resolution algorithms may be utilized, such as executing a handler or aborting a transaction that is contending for the memory location.
As an oversimplified illustrative example to demonstrate an embodiment of operation, GTV?305?initially holds a GTV of 0001 (decimal value of one) and meta-data location?315?also includes a version of 0001. At a beginning of a function, the GTV value of?0001?is copied to LTV storage element?301b. A non-transactional load from line?310?is performed. Additionally, a transaction being executed by PE?302?commits, which results in GTV?305?being incremented to 0010 (a decimal value of two). During execution of the transaction location?315?is transitioned to a lock value, such as 1000 (decimal value of eight), and line?310?is updated. Furthermore, after update, when releasing the lock, the new GTV value of 0010 is stored as a new version in meta-data location?315. When compare logic?320?compares the lock value held in meta-data location?315?to LTV?301b, the lock value is greater than LTV?301b?both when the lock is held, i.e. 1000>0001, and after the version is updated, i.e. 0010>0001. As a result, strong atomicity resolution may be performed, such as executing slowpath operations.
Turning to FIG. 3b, another embodiment of a module to provide efficient strong atomicity is illustrated. Here, operations?351-353?operate in a similar manner as discussed in reference to FIG. 3a. However, in operation?354, compare logic?320?compares LTV?301b?to transaction count value held in start transaction counter330. In one embodiment, transaction counter?330?is incremented in response to starting a transaction. In another embodiment, transaction counter?330?is incremented in response to a transaction starting to update memory locations. In an update-in place STM, updates occur/begin as the transactional stores are performed. Therefore, counter?330?would be incremented at that point. However, in a write-buffering STM, counter?330?is incremented when the transaction commits, i.e. when memory updates begin.
If counter?330?is less than or equal to LTV?301b, then no transaction has started to update memory locations, and execution may continue normally. However, if counter?330?is greater than LTV?301b, then a transaction has started to update memory locations. Consequently, other slower path operations may be executed. For example, with comparing LTV and a counter value, other operations may be optimized or avoided such as computing an accessed memory location, a hash value into a meta-data location, and a version value held in the meta-data location. Therefore, if the counter value is greater than the LTV indicating memory locations have been updated, then a version may be compared to determine if the accessed memory location has been updated. Furthermore, any other slowpath instructions or operations may be executed.
As an oversimplified illustrative example to demonstrate an embodiment of operation, GTV?305?initially holds a GTV of 0001 (decimal value of one) and counter?330?includes a transaction value of 0001. At a beginning of a function, the GTV value of 0001 is copied to LTV storage element?301b. A non-transactional load from line?310?is performed. Additionally, a transaction being executed by PE?302?in a write buffering STM commits, which results in counter?330?being incremented to 0010. When comparing transaction value of 0010 and a LTV value of 0001, the transaction value is greater indicating a transaction has updated memory locations. Note, here, the transaction may not update memory location?310. Therefore, compare logic?320?may conditionally compare the version to the LTV as discussed above to determine if the transaction has updated memory location?310?specifically.
Referring next to FIG. 4a, an embodiment of a flow diagram for a method of providing efficient strong atomicity is illustrated. Furthermore, as discussed above, a compiler, when executed, is to compile application/program code. During compilation, transactional operations, such as read barriers, write barriers, commit operations, and abort operations, may be inserted. Additionally, non-transactional strong atomicity operations may be inserted, which when executed, are to perform the operations/functions described above and/or below in reference to FIGS. 4a-4c.
In flow?405, a global transaction value (GTV) is copied to a local transaction value (LTV) at a start of a function. In one embodiment, the GTV is a global timestamp incremented/updated in response to commit and abort of a transaction. As an example, a strong atomicity operation, when executed, to perform the copy/move is inserted at the beginning of a non-transactional function.
Next, in flow?410, a non-transactional load operation, which is included within the function, is performed to load from a memory location. In flow?415, it is determined if a transaction has updated memory locations since the beginning of the function. If a transaction has not updated memory locations since a beginning of the function, then the load is determined to be valid and execution is continued normally in flow?425. In contrast, if the transaction has updated memory locations since a beginning of the function, then in flow?420?slowpath operations are performed. Note that slowpath operations may include any resolution operations to ensure validity of the non-transactional load, including checking, testing, and/or spinning/waiting on a lock, computing a version, checking a version has not changed, and/or performing the non-transactional load again.
FIG. 4b?illustrates an embodiment of a flow diagram for determining if a transaction has updated memory locations since a beginning of the function of FIG. 4a. Flows?405,?410,?420, and?425?are similar to the same flows in FIG. 4a. However, in flow?416, a transaction record value, which is associated with the memory location loaded from, is determined. In one embodiment, at least a portion of an address referencing the memory location is hashed into a table of transaction records. The transaction record value is determined from the transaction record associated with the memory location. In flow?417, the transaction record value is compared with the local transaction value copied from the GTV in flow?405. In one embodiment, the global transaction value (GTV) is incremented in response to a transaction being committed/aborted. Additionally, the transaction record value is updated with the newly incremented GTV to release a lock on the memory location owned by the transaction that is being committed.
Therefore, if a transaction record value is less than or equal to the LTV, then it is determined the memory location has not been updated since a beginning of the function and execution continues normally in flow?425. However, if the transaction record value is greater than the LTV, then it is determined that the memory location has been updated since the GTV was cached as the LTV, i.e. since the beginning of the function. Here, slowpath instructions/operations are executed to ensure validity of the non-transactional load, such as checking the transaction record, spinning/waiting on the transaction record to become un-locked/in-owned, acquiring ownership of the transaction record, and/or performing the non-transactional access again.
Turning to FIG. 4c, another embodiment of a flow diagram for a method of determining if memory locations have been updated since a beginning of a function is illustrated. Here, a global start counter is incremented when a transaction starts to update memory locations in flow?412. In a write-buffering STM, locations are updated at commit, so the start transaction counter would be incremented at commit of a transaction. However, in an in-place update STM, the memory locations are tentatively updated during execution of the transaction, so the counter may be incremented in response to starting the transaction or when the first transactional store is encountered. Note that the counter may be incremented by integer or multiples thereof. For example, if a version number includes even numbers and an owned value includes odd numbers, the counter may be incremented by even multiples to coincide with versions or a GTV.
In flow?418, the start counter value is compared with the local transaction value (LTV). Therefore, it is determined whether any transactions have started updating memory locations since the LTV was last updated, i.e. the beginning of the function. Note that the specific memory location accessed may have not been updated; however, a transaction has started updating memory locations. Here, in execution of slowpath operation at flow?420, a version may be compared in a similar manner to the method illustrated in FIG. 4b, to determine if the specific memory location has been updated. However, other operations to ensure validity of the non-transactional load may be alternatively or additionally executed.
As illustrated above, optimized strong atomicity operations may be inserted, when executed, to provide efficient strong atomicity for non-transactional read accesses. Extensive barrier operations for each non-transactional load may be potentially avoided to accelerate execution of non-transactional loads in a transactional memory system. Furthermore, combinations of levels of aggressive execution may be utilized. For example, non-transactional accesses may be performed with only determining if another transaction has started, without having to compute a version value. If no transaction has started updating memory locations, execution can continue without having to perform extensive bookkeeping. However, if memory locations have been updated, then a version may be computed and compared to a local timestamp to determine if a specific memory location has been updated. Consequently, execution may still be somewhat accelerated by avoiding checking/spinning on a lock. In addition, if the memory location has been updated, then previous full strong atomicity operations, i.e. a slower path of instructions, may be executed to ensure data validity between transactional and non-transactional memory accesses.
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PatentTips - Mechanisms for strong atomicity in a transactional memory system
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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/coryxie/p/3790124.html
