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rsync在同步文件夹内容这个工作上应用非常广泛,但是rsync本身命令还是比较复杂,本文总结一下:
rsync = remote sync的简称 ,它 被用于在linux/unix系统中执行备份操作。rsnync用于从一个位置到另外一个位置同步文件和文件夹。备份的地址可以是本地也可以是remote server。
rsync的重要功能:
首次使用时,rsync在source和destination folder之间复制全部内容。下次使用时,rsync只传输变更的块或字节到目的地,而这个机制将大大提升传输速度
rsync允许对数据使用ssh协议加密
rsync使用对数据块压缩和解压缩的办法降低带宽需求。
无需特殊的特权来运行rsync
$ rsync options source destination
source和destination可以是本地或者远程目录。对于远程的情况,需要指定login name, remote server name and location
在本地机器上同步两个目录,使用rsync -zvr命令
$ rsync -zvr /var/opt/installation/inventory/ /root/temp building file list ... done sva.xml svB.xml . sent 26385 bytes received 1098 bytes 54966.00 bytes/sec total size is 44867 speedup is 1.63 $
上述命令中:
-z 打开压缩功能
-v verbose更多打印信息
-r recursive
执行上述命令后,你会发现rsync copy会影响到文件的timestamp信息,这时因为默认rsync并不保护timestamp信息
$ rsync -azv /var/opt/installation/inventory/ /root/temp/ building file list ... done ./ sva.xml svB.xml . sent 26499 bytes received 1104 bytes 55206.00 bytes/sec total size is 44867 speedup is 1.63 $注意这时你会发现source,dest文件的时间戳等信息是不变的 $ ls -l /var/opt/installation/inventory/sva.xml /root/temp/sva.xml -r--r--r-- 1 root bin 949 Jun 18 2009 /var/opt/installation/inventory/sva.xml -r--r--r-- 1 root bin 949 Jun 18 2009 /root/temp/sva.xml
只要在rsync命令中指定文件名称即可:
$ rsync -v /var/lib/rpm/Pubkeys /root/temp/ Pubkeys sent 42 bytes received 12380 bytes 3549.14 bytes/sec total size is 12288 speedup is 0.99
$ rsync -avz /root/temp/ thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/home/thegeekstuff/temp/ Password: building file list ... done ./ rpm/ rpm/Basenames rpm/Conflictname sent 15810261 bytes received 412 bytes 2432411.23 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 2.87
当执行和remote server同步的动作时,你需要指定username,ip。也要指定远程服务器上的目的地目录,格式是: username@machineIP:Path
这个过程中,rsync会要求输入密码。但是如果你有一个脚本自动运行这个备份动作,你可能希望不要手动输入密码,这时可以参考: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/11/3-steps-to-perform-ssh-login-without-password-using-ssh-keygen-ssh-copy-id/
$ rsync -avz thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm /root/temp Password: receiving file list ... done rpm/ rpm/Basenames . sent 406 bytes received 15810230 bytes 2432405.54 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 2.87
rsync允许你指定你想使用的remote shell,你可以使用rsync -e ssh来enable the secured remote connection
$ rsync -avz -e ssh thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm /root/temp Password: receiving file list ... done rpm/ rpm/Basenames sent 406 bytes received 15810230 bytes 2432405.54 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 2.87
典型情况下,如果一个文件在destination被修改的话,我们可能并不希望使用来自source的老文件去覆盖修改
使用rsync -u选项达到这个目的(即:如果目的地上修改过,那么不要覆盖它)在下面的例子中,Basenames文件在destination上做了修改,因此如果使用-u选项,则不会被修改
$ ls -l /root/temp/Basenames total 39088 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Sep 2 11:35 Basenames $ rsync -avzu thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm /root/temp Password: receiving file list ... done rpm/ sent 122 bytes received 505 bytes 114.00 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 72258.31 $ ls -lrt total 39088 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Sep 2 11:35 Basenames
使用-d想想将只从source到destination同步文件夹的tree structure,下面的例子,只会递归同步目录树,而目录中的文件不会同步
$ rsync -v -d thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/ . Password: receiving file list ... done logrotate.status CAM/ YaST2/ acpi/ sent 240 bytes received 1830 bytes 318.46 bytes/sec total size is 956 speedup is 0.46
例9:查看rsnync传输进度
当使用rsync来做备份时,你可能希望知道backup的进度,比如有多少个文件已经copy了,以及copy的速度等信息, rsync -progress将会打印rsync执行中的详细信息:
$ rsync -avz --progress thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm/ /root/temp/ Password: receiving file list ... 19 files to consider ./ Basenames 5357568 100% 14.98MB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#1, to-check=17/19) Conflictname 12288 100% 35.09kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#2, to-check=16/19) . . . sent 406 bytes received 15810211 bytes 2108082.27 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 2.87
如果在source这一侧并不存在一个文件,而这个文件本身又在destination上存在,那么你可以指定删除这个文件,-delete选项完成这个功能
# Source and target are in sync. Now creating new file at the target. $ > new-file.txt $ rsync -avz --delete thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm/ . Password: receiving file list ... done deleting new-file.txt ./ sent 26 bytes received 390 bytes 48.94 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 108908.55 注意:new-file.txt文件将在rsync过程中被删除
如果你喜欢,你可以只update(sync)那些在target上已经存在的文件。如果source有新的文件,而这个文件本身在target上并不存在,那么你可以通过-existing选项避免在destination上创建这些新文件
首先在source上创建一个new-file.txt文件
[/var/lib/rpm ]$ > new-file.txt
$ rsync -avz --existing root@192.168.1.2:/var/lib/rpm/ . root@192.168.1.2‘s password: receiving file list ... done ./ sent 26 bytes received 419 bytes 46.84 bytes/sec total size is 88551424 speedup is 198991.96
At source: $ ls -l /var/lib/rpm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5357568 2010-06-24 08:57 Basenames -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12288 2008-05-28 22:03 Conflictname -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1179648 2010-06-24 08:57 Dirnames At destination: $ ls -l /root/temp -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 3 06:39 Basenames -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12288 May 28 2008 Conflictname -rw-r--r-- 1 bin bin 1179648 Jun 24 05:27 Dirnames 在这里source和destination有两个不同。owner/group,以及size不同。 $ rsync -avzi thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm/ /root/temp/ Password: receiving file list ... done >f.st.... Basenames .f....og. Dirnames sent 48 bytes received 2182544 bytes 291012.27 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 20.76
在上面的例子中,在Basenames, Dirnames文件的前面有一些奇怪的信息,其实它非常重要:
> specifies that a file is being transferred to the local host. f represents that it is a file. s represents size changes are there. t represents timestamp changes are there. o owner changed g group changed.
rsync允许你给一个pattern,指定你希望在做同步过程中包含或者排除的文件或者目录
$ rsync -avz --include ‘P*‘ --exclude ‘*‘ thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm/ /root/temp/ Password: receiving file list ... done ./ Packages Providename Provideversion Pubkeys sent 129 bytes received 10286798 bytes 2285983.78 bytes/sec total size is 32768000 speedup is 3.19
上面的例子中它将仅仅包含那些以P打头的文件或者文件夹并且排除所有其他文件
你可以告诉rsync不要传输大于指定大小尺寸的文件,使用-max-size选项
$ rsync -avz --max-size=‘100K‘ thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm/ /root/temp/ Password: receiving file list ... done ./ Conflictname Group Installtid Name Sha1header Sigmd5 Triggername sent 252 bytes received 123081 bytes 18974.31 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 367.35
上面的例子使得rsync只传输那些小于100K大小的文件。你也可以指定M或G
rsync的一个重要功能是它只传输一个文件的变更的块到目的地,而不是传输文件本省。如果网络带宽本身并不是什么问题,你可以传输整个文件,通过-Wxuanxiang 这将加速rsync的处理速度,因为他不需要再在source和destination做checksum的运算了。
# rsync -avzW thegeekstuff@192.168.200.10:/var/lib/rpm/ /root/temp Password: receiving file list ... done ./ Basenames Conflictname Dirnames Filemd5s Group Installtid Name sent 406 bytes received 15810211 bytes 2874657.64 bytes/sec total size is 45305958 speedup is 2.87
本文原文来自于: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/09/rsync-command-examples/
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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/kidsitcn/p/4645372.html