标签：liunx命令5 df、du、fdisk、磁盘管理相关命令
df查看命令
[root@wangchao ~]# df //查看分区
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18244476 5919104 11391948 35% /
tmpfs 515244 72 515172 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194241 26001 158000 15% /boot
[root@wangchao ~]# free //查看swap使用情况
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1030492 419328 611164 1348 66492 194216
-/+ buffers/cache: 158620 871872
Swap: 2097148 0 2097148
[root@wangchao ~]# df -h //已合适单位显示
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /
tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot
[root@wangchao ~]# df -k -m //已K、M为单位显示
Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 17817 5781 11125 35% /
tmpfs 504 1 504 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190 26 155 15% /boot
[root@wangchao ~]# df -i //查看inode使用情况
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 1166880 160054 1006826 14% /
tmpfs 128811 4 128807 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 51200 38 51162 1% /boot
du 命令
[root@wangchao ~]# du /etc/ //查看文件，大小使用情况
[root@wangchao ~]# du -h /etc/ //已合适大小显示etc使用情况
[root@wangchao ~]# du -sh /etc/ //查看/etc/大小使用情况
40M /etc/
[root@wangchao ~]# ls -lh /etc/init.d/iptables
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11K Oct 15 2014 /etc/init.d/iptables
[root@wangchao ~]# du -sh /etc/init.d/iptables
12K /etc/init.d/iptables
[root@wangchao ~]# ls -lb /etc/init.d/iptables //已b为单位显示
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10688 Oct 15 2014 /etc/init.d/iptables
[root@wangchao ~]# du -sb /etc/init.d/iptables
10688 /etc/init.d/iptables
查看文件大小的两个命令，两者大小显示不一样
[root@wangchao ~]# touch 12
[root@wangchao ~]# echo "12">12
[root@wangchao ~]# ls -lh 12 //查看新建文件大小为3b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3 Jul 8 20:24 12
[root@wangchao ~]# ls -lb 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3 Jul 8 20:24 12
[root@wangchao ~]# du -sh 12 //查看该文件大小为4k
4.0K 12
//为什么呢：du命令，查看文件占用磁盘空间大小，（理解为一个磁盘分成一块一块，最小一块为4k,）。ls命令，查看文件本身实际的大小。
fdisk命令
[root@wangchao ~]# fdisk -l //查看磁盘，分区使用情况
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00052035
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 287 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3 287 2611 18668544 83 Linux
[root@wangchao ~]# init 0 //关闭虚拟机加一块硬盘（SCSIS）
[root@wangchao ~]# fdisk -l //查看添加的一块硬盘
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00052035
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 287 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3 287 2611 18668544 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@wangchao ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda //查看一块指定的磁盘
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00052035
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 287 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3 287 2611 18668544 83 Linux
[root@wangchao ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@wangchao ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb //fdisk新磁盘
Command (m for help): p //打印当前使用命令
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n //n新建分区
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p //p主分区，e扩展分区
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): +2G //给2G大小
Command (m for help): p //打印
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n //n新建分区
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e //e扩展分区
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (263-1305, default 263): 263
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (263-1305, default 1305): +5G
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended
Command (m for help): l //查看分区id
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext‘d (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1
Command (m for help): p //看分区表
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended
Command (m for help): n //出现l选项，l扩展分区，p主分区
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l //选扩展分区
First cylinder (263-916, default 263): p
First cylinder (263-916, default 263): l
First cylinder (263-916, default 263): 263
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (263-916, default 916): +2G
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 263 524 2104483+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w //w保存
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@wangchao ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb //查看分区使用情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 263 524 2104483+ 83 Linux
[root@wangchao ~]#
磁盘格mke2fs
磁盘分区后，不能马上用，还需格式化成指定格式。
[root@wangchao ~]# cat /etc/filesystems //查看磁盘有哪些格式
ext4
ext3
ext2
nodev proc
nodev devpts
iso9660
vfat
hfs
hfsplus
[root@wangchao ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb5 //将/dev/sdb5分区格式化成ext4格式
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131648 inodes, 526120 blocks
26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216
17 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7744 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@wangchao ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 1024 -m 1 -L wangchao /dev/sdb1
//将/dev/sdb1格式化成ext4格式，-t指定格式，-b指定块大小为1024b.-m保留1%。-L磁盘标签
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=wangchao
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131584 inodes, 2104480 blocks
21044 blocks (1.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=69468160
257 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
512 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409, 663553,
1024001, 1990657
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
//mkfs.ext4、mkfs.ext3与mke2fs命令相似。mke2fs多一些功能
磁盘挂载与卸载
磁盘格式化后，要想写入数据还需挂载上。
root@wangchao ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcacffefa
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 263 524 2104483+ 83 Linux
[root@wangchao ~]# mount /dev/sdb5 /mnt/ //将/dev/sdb5 挂载在/mnt/下
[root@wangchao ~]# df -h //查看已将/dev/sdb5 挂载在/mnt/下
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /
tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot
/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt
[root@wangchao ~]# df -T //查看磁盘分区类型
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 ext4 18244476 5919796 11391256 35% /
tmpfs tmpfs 515244 72 515172 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 194241 26001 158000 15% /boot
/dev/sdb5 ext4 2005848 3096 1897528 1% /mnt
[root@wangchao ~]# mkdir /home/wangchao/123
[root@wangchao ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /home/ //挂载后home下文件被覆盖
[root@wangchao ~]# umount /home/ //卸载
[root@wangchao ~]# mount LABEL=wangchao /home/wangchao/123/ //使用标签挂载
[root@wangchao ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /
tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot
/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 3.1M 2.0G 1% /home/wangchao/123
[root@wangchao ~]# cd /mnt/
[root@wangchao mnt]# ls
lost+found
[root@wangchao mnt]# touch 123
[root@wangchao mnt]# umount /mnt/ //在目录里卸载回失败
umount: /mnt: device is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@wangchao mnt]# cd //先退出才能卸载
[root@wangchao 123]# umount /dev/sdb1
umount: /home/wangchao/123: device is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@wangchao 123]# umount -l /dev/sdb1 //加参数-l强制卸载，不退出卸载
分区表fstab
以上挂载为手动方式，重启后将失效，自动开机挂载方法如下：
[root@wangchao 123]# cat /etc/fstab //分区配置文件
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Mon Jun 8 19:14:01 2015
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=41e6be85-0f8b-41ec-9559-f48a356d54f0 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=ca50ee18-a125-4629-8c11-1b6134912239 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=e7c33c68-670b-4a2a-b1aa-4ceacf4f0e86 swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
[root@wangchao 123]# ls /etc/rc.local
/etc/rc.local
//也可将mount写入，开机自动执行。该文件为开机就运行其中的命名
[root@wangchao 123]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Mon Jun 8 19:14:01 2015
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=41e6be85-0f8b-41ec-9559-f48a356d54f0 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=ca50ee18-a125-4629-8c11-1b6134912239 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=e7c33c68-670b-4a2a-b1aa-4ceacf4f0e86 swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
//其中UUID为每个硬盘的标识，每个硬盘唯一。（不止硬盘设备，其他如网卡都有UUID）
[root@wangchao 123]# blkid //查看硬盘的UUID
/dev/sda1: UUID="ca50ee18-a125-4629-8c11-1b6134912239" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda2: UUID="e7c33c68-670b-4a2a-b1aa-4ceacf4f0e86" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda3: UUID="41e6be85-0f8b-41ec-9559-f48a356d54f0" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sdb1: LABEL="wangchao" UUID="2be2198d-dcb8-4589-8a34-8b3d472cbece" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sdb5: UUID="87dba34e-66d1-47b6-a990-9c285b4958db" TYPE="ext4"
[root@wangchao 123]# mount UUID="87dba34e-66d1-47b6-a990-9c285b4958db" /mnt/
//将UUID="87dba34e-66d1-47b6-a990-9c285b4958db" 的硬盘挂载到/mnt/下
[root@wangchao 123]# df -h //查看挂载
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /
tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot
/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt
[root@wangchao 123]# vi /etc/fstab
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb5 /mnt ext4 defaults 0 0
///dev/sdb5 磁盘 /mnt 挂载点 ext4 格式 defaults 0（是否备份，否） 0开机自检，否
写入文件后生效，下次重启还是有效
[root@wangchao 123]# cd
[root@wangchao ~]# umount /mnt/
umount: /mnt/: not mounted
[root@wangchao ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /
tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm
[root@wangchao ~]# mount -a //自动挂载，是写入文件的自动挂载
[root@wangchao ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 18G 5.7G 11G 35% /
tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 190M 26M 155M 15% /boot
/dev/sdb5 2.0G 3.1M 1.9G 1% /mnt
[root@wangchao ~]# vi /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don‘t
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
mount /dev/sdb1 /home/wangchao/123
//下次重启自动执行mount /dev/sdb1 /home/wangchao/123命令
[root@wangchao ~]# mount //查看磁盘挂载加载了哪些选项
/dev/sda3 on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sdb5 on /mnt type ext4 (rw)
本文出自 “Linux学习笔记” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://9656134.blog.51cto.com/9646134/1676170
标签：liunx命令5 df、du、fdisk、磁盘管理相关命令
原文地址：http://9656134.blog.51cto.com/9646134/1676170
