标签:python 循环语句 自动化运维 ansible playbooks
在使用ansible做自动化运维的时候,免不了的要重复执行某些操作,如:添加几个用户,创建几个MySQL用户并为之赋予权限,操作某个目录下所有文件等等。好在playbooks支持循环语句,可以使得某些需求很容易而且很规范的实现。
with_items是playbooks中最基本也是最常用的循环语句。
- name: add several users user: name={{ item }} state=present groups=wheel with_items: - testuser1 - testuser2
上边例子表示,添加两个用户分别为testuser1,testuser2。
也可以将用户列表提前赋值给一个变量,然后在循环语句中调用:
with_items: "{{ somelist }}"
使用with_items
迭代循环的变量可以是个单纯的列表,也可以是一个可以迭代的较为复杂的数据结构,如字典类型:
- name: add several users user: name={{ item.name }} state=present groups={{ item.groups }} with_items: - { name: ‘testuser1‘, groups: ‘wheel‘ } - { name: ‘testuser2‘, groups: ‘root‘ }
嵌套循环
- name: give users access to multiple databases mysql_user: name={{ item[0] }} priv={{ item[1] }}.*:ALL append_privs=yes password=foo with_nested: - [ ‘alice‘, ‘bob‘ ] - [ ‘clientdb‘, ‘employeedb‘, ‘providerdb‘ ]
item[0]是循环的第一个列表的值[‘alice‘,‘bob‘]。item[1]是第二个列表的值。表示循环创建alice和bob两个用户,并且为其赋予在三个数据库上的所有权限。
也可以将用户列表事先赋值给一个变量:
- name: here, ‘users‘ contains the above list of employees mysql_user: name={{ item[0] }} priv={{ item[1] }}.*:ALL append_privs=yes password=foo with_nested: - "{{users}}" - [ ‘clientdb‘, ‘employeedb‘, ‘providerdb‘ ]
with_dict可以遍历更复杂的数据结构:
如,有以下变量内容:
--- users: alice: name: Alice Appleworth telephone: 123-456-7890 bob: name: Bob Bananarama telephone: 987-654-3210
现在需要输出每个用户的用户名和手机号
tasks: - name: Print phone records debug: msg="User {{ item.key }} is {{ item.value.name }} ({{ item.value.telephone }})" with_dict: "{{ users }}"
文件匹配遍历
with_fileglob
匹配单个目录下所有文件
--- - hosts: all tasks: # first ensure our target directory exists - file: dest=/etc/fooapp state=directory # copy each file over that matches the given pattern - copy: src={{ item }} dest=/etc/fooapp/ owner=root mode=600 with_fileglob: - /playbooks/files/fooapp/*
注:在角色中以相对路径使用with_fileglob
,ansible会将路径解析为role/<rolename>/files
。
遍历数据并行集合
[root@web1 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/loop.yml --- - hosts: webservers remote_user: root vars: alpha: [ ‘a‘,‘b‘,‘c‘,‘d‘] numbers: [ 1,2,3,4 ] tasks: - debug: msg="{{ item.0 }} and {{ item.1 }}" with_together: - "{{ alpha }}" - "{{ numbers }}" [root@web1 ~]# ansible-playbook /etc/ansible/loop.yml PLAY [webservers] ************************************************************* GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [192.168.1.65] TASK: [debug msg="{{ item.0 }} and {{ item.1 }}"] ***************************** ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[‘a‘, 1]) => { "item": [ "a", 1 ], "msg": "a and 1" } ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[‘b‘, 2]) => { "item": [ "b", 2 ], "msg": "b and 2" } ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[‘c‘, 3]) => { "item": [ "c", 3 ], "msg": "c and 3" } ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[‘d‘, 4]) => { "item": [ "d", 4 ], "msg": "d and 4" } PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 192.168.1.65 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
遍历子元素
假如现在需要遍历一个用户列表,并创建每个用户,而且还需要为每个用户配置以特定的SSH key登录。变量文件内容如下:
--- users: - name: alice authorized: - /tmp/alice/onekey.pub - /tmp/alice/twokey.pub mysql: password: mysql-password hosts: - "%" - "127.0.0.1" - "::1" - "localhost" privs: - "*.*:SELECT" - "DB1.*:ALL" - name: bob authorized: - /tmp/bob/id_rsa.pub mysql: password: other-mysql-password hosts: - "db1" privs: - "*.*:SELECT" - "DB2.*:ALL"
playbooks中定义如下:
- user: name={{ item.name }} state=present generate_ssh_key=yes with_items: "{{users}}" - authorized_key: "user={{ item.0.name }} key=‘{{ lookup(‘file‘, item.1) }}‘" with_subelements: - users - authorized
也可以遍历嵌套的子列表:
- name: Setup MySQL users mysql_user: name={{ item.0.user }} password={{ item.0.mysql.password }} host={{ item.1 }} priv={{ item.0.mysql.privs | join(‘/‘) }} with_subelements: - users - mysql.hosts
循环整数序列
with_sequence
可以生成一个自增的整数序列,可以指定起始值和结束值,也可以指定增长步长。
参数以key=value
的形式指定,format
指定输出的格式。
数字可以是十进制,十六进制,八进制。
--- - hosts: all tasks: # create groups - group: name=evens state=present - group: name=odds state=present # create some test users - user: name={{ item }} state=present groups=evens with_sequence: start=0 end=32 format=testuser%02x # create a series of directories with even numbers for some reason - file: dest=/var/stuff/{{ item }} state=directory with_sequence: start=4 end=16 stride=2 # a simpler way to use the sequence plugin # create 4 groups - group: name=group{{ item }} state=present with_sequence: count=4
随机选择
with_random_choice
可以从列表中随机取一个值。
- debug: msg={{ item }} with_random_choice: - "go through the door" - "drink from the goblet" - "press the red button" - "do nothing"
Do-Until 循环
- action: shell /usr/bin/foo register: result until: result.stdout.find("all systems go") != -1 retries: 5 delay: 10
上边的例子重复执行shell模块,当shell模块执行的命令输出内容中包含"all systems go"的时候停止执行。重试5次,延迟时间10秒。retries
默认值为3,delay
默认值为5。
任务的返回值为最后一次循环的返回结果。
循环注册变量
在循环中使用register
时,索保存的结果中包含results
关键字,该关键字保存模块执行结果的列表
- shell: echo "{{ item }}" with_items: - one - two register: echo
变量echo内容如下:
{ "changed": true, "msg": "All items completed", "results": [ { "changed": true, "cmd": "echo \"one\" ", "delta": "0:00:00.003110", "end": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.187153", "invocation": { "module_args": "echo \"one\"", "module_name": "shell" }, "item": "one", "rc": 0, "start": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.184043", "stderr": "", "stdout": "one" }, { "changed": true, "cmd": "echo \"two\" ", "delta": "0:00:00.002920", "end": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.245502", "invocation": { "module_args": "echo \"two\"", "module_name": "shell" }, "item": "two", "rc": 0, "start": "2013-12-19 12:00:05.242582", "stderr": "", "stdout": "two" } ] }
遍历注册变量的结果:
- name: Fail if return code is not 0 fail: msg: "The command ({{ item.cmd }}) did not have a 0 return code" when: item.rc != 0 with_items: "{{echo.results}}"
示例:
[root@web1 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/reloop.yml --- - hosts: webservers remote_user: root tasks: - shell: echo "{{ item }}" with_items: - one - two register: echo - debug: msg="{{ echo }}" - name: Fail if return code is not 0 fail: msg=" The command {{ item.cmd }} has a 0 return code" when: item.rc != 0 with_items: "{{ echo.results }}" [root@web1 ~]# ansible-playbook /etc/ansible/reloop.yml PLAY [webservers] ************************************************************* GATHERING FACTS *************************************************************** ok: [192.168.1.65] TASK: [shell echo "{{ item }}"] *********************************************** changed: [192.168.1.65] => (item=one) changed: [192.168.1.65] => (item=two) TASK: [debug msg="{{ echo }}"] ************************************************ ok: [192.168.1.65] => { "msg": "{‘msg‘: ‘All items completed‘, ‘changed‘: True, ‘results‘: [{u‘stdout‘: u‘one‘, u‘changed‘: True, u‘end‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:42.560652‘, u‘start‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:42.549056‘, u‘cmd‘: u‘echo \"one\"‘, u‘rc‘: 0, ‘item‘: ‘one‘, u‘stderr‘: u‘‘, u‘delta‘: u‘0:00:00.011596‘, ‘invocation‘: {‘module_name‘: u‘shell‘, ‘module_args‘: u‘echo \"one\"‘}, ‘stdout_lines‘: [u‘one‘], u‘warnings‘: []}, {u‘stdout‘: u‘two‘, u‘changed‘: True, u‘end‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:44.105387‘, u‘start‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:44.093500‘, u‘cmd‘: u‘echo \"two\"‘, u‘rc‘: 0, ‘item‘: ‘two‘, u‘stderr‘: u‘‘, u‘delta‘: u‘0:00:00.011887‘, ‘invocation‘: {‘module_name‘: u‘shell‘, ‘module_args‘: u‘echo \"two\"‘}, ‘stdout_lines‘: [u‘two‘], u‘warnings‘: []}]}" } TASK: [Fail if return code is not 0] ****************************************** skipping: [192.168.1.65] => (item={u‘cmd‘: u‘echo "one"‘, u‘end‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:42.560652‘, u‘stderr‘: u‘‘, u‘stdout‘: u‘one‘, u‘changed‘: True, u‘rc‘: 0, ‘item‘: ‘one‘, u‘warnings‘: [], u‘delta‘: u‘0:00:00.011596‘, ‘invocation‘: {‘module_name‘: u‘shell‘, ‘module_args‘: u‘echo "one"‘}, ‘stdout_lines‘: [u‘one‘], u‘start‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:42.549056‘}) skipping: [192.168.1.65] => (item={u‘cmd‘: u‘echo "two"‘, u‘end‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:44.105387‘, u‘stderr‘: u‘‘, u‘stdout‘: u‘two‘, u‘changed‘: True, u‘rc‘: 0, ‘item‘: ‘two‘, u‘warnings‘: [], u‘delta‘: u‘0:00:00.011887‘, ‘invocation‘: {‘module_name‘: u‘shell‘, ‘module_args‘: u‘echo "two"‘}, ‘stdout_lines‘: [u‘two‘], u‘start‘: u‘2015-08-05 11:30:44.093500‘}) PLAY RECAP ******************************************************************** 192.168.1.65 : ok=4 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
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标签:python 循环语句 自动化运维 ansible playbooks
原文地址:http://diannaowa.blog.51cto.com/3219919/1682061